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encyclopedia concept of final judgement originating in zoroastrianism judgement day redirects here for other uses see judgement day disambiguation for other uses of last judgment see last judgment disambiguation the last judgment of sinners by jesus christ carving on the central portal of amiens cathedral france the last judgment a b is a concept originating in zoroastrianism and found across the abrahamic religions christianity considers the second coming of jesus christ to entail the final judgment by god of all people who have ever lived 1 resulting in the salvation of a few and the damnation of many some christian denominations believe most people will be saved some believe most people will be damned and some believe the number of the saved and of the damned is unknown the concept of the last judgment is found in all the canonical gospels particularly in the gospel of matthew the christian tradition is also followed by islam where it is mentioned in many chapters of the quran according to some interpretations the last judgment has inspired numerous artistic depictions including painting sculpture and evangelical work in zoroastrianism edit further information frashokereti frashokereti is the earliest surviving articulation of a final judgement in any religion it refers to the zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe when evil will be destroyed and everything else will be then in perfect unity with god ahura mazda the doctrinal premises are 1 good will eventually prevail over evil 2 creation was initially perfectly good but was subsequently corrupted by evil 3 the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation 4 the salvation for the individual depended on the sum of that person s thoughts words and deeds and there could be no intervention whether compassionate or capricious by any divine being to alter this thus each human bears responsibility for their own fate and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the world 2 in judaism edit main article jewish eschatology in judaism beliefs vary rosh hashanah is sometimes referred to as a day of judgement but it is not conceptualized as the day of judgement some rabbis hold that there will be a future day following the resurrection of the dead others hold that the final accounting and judgment happens when one dies citation needed still others hold that the last judgment applies to only the gentiles not the jewish people 3 the babylonian talmud has a lengthy passage describing the future judgement day 4 in christianity edit main articles christian eschatology and amillennialism print of the last judgment made by johannes wierix in the 16th century 5 the last judgment mosaic 14th century south facade of saint vitus cathedral prague czech republic biblical sources edit the doctrine and iconographic depiction of the last judgment are drawn from many passages from the apocalyptic sections of the bible but most notably from jesus teaching of the narrow gate in the gospel of matthew and in the gospel of luke salvation and damnation edit in christianity there are three main beliefs about who will be saved go to heaven and who will be damned go to hell on judgment day all three beliefs are based on biblical interpretation and christian tradition 6 7 8 9 some christians who believe in universal salvation say most people and angels will go to heaven on judgment day 10 some christians who believe in double predestination say most people and angels will go to hell on judgment day 11 other christians who disbelieve in universal salvation and double predestination say the number of the saved and of the damned on judgment day is unknown 12 13 anglicanism and methodism edit article iv of the resurrection of christ in anglicanism s articles of religion and article iii of the resurrection of christ of methodism s articles of religion state that 14 15 christ did truly rise again from death and took again his body with flesh bones and all things appertaining to the perfection of man s nature wherewith he ascended into heaven and there sitteth until he return to judge all men at the last day 14 15 anglican and methodist theology holds that there is an intermediate state between death and the resurrection of the dead in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness but exists in happiness or misery till the resurrection when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward 16 17 this space termed hades is divided into paradise the bosom of abraham and gehenna but with an impassable gulf between the two 18 19 souls remain in hades until the last judgment and christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment 20 21 anglican and methodist theology holds that at the time of the last day jesus will return and that he will judge both the quick the living and the dead 22 and all will be bodily resurrected and stand before christ as our judge after the judgment the righteous will go to their eternal reward in heaven and the accursed will depart to hell see matthew 25 23 the issue of this judgment shall be a permanent separation of the evil and the good the righteous and the wicked see the sheep and the goats 24 25 moreover in the final judgment every one of our thoughts words and deeds will be known and judged and individuals will be justified on the basis of their faith in jesus however our works will not escape god s examination 22 catholicism edit the last judgment sistine chapel by michelangelo 1536 1541 belief in the last judgment often linked with the general judgment is held firmly in catholicism immediately upon death each person undergoes the particular judgment and depending upon one s behavior on earth goes to heaven purgatory or hell those in purgatory will always reach heaven but those in hell will be there eternally the last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and our mortal body will come to life again 26 the catholic church teaches that at the time of the last judgment christ will come in his glory and all the angels with him and in his presence the truth of each one s deeds will be laid bare each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice the believers who are deemed worthy as well as those ignorant of christ s teaching who followed the dictates of conscience 27 will go to everlasting bliss those who are judged unworthy will go to everlasting condemnation a decisive factor in the last judgment will be the question were the corporal works of mercy practiced or not during one s lifetime they rate as important acts of charity therefore and according to the biblical sources mt 25 31 46 the conjunction of the last judgment and the works of mercy is frequent in the pictorial tradition of christian art 28 before the last judgment all will be resurrected those who were in purgatory will have already been purged meaning they would have already been released into heaven and so like those in heaven and hell will resurrect with their bodies followed by the last judgment 29 according to the catechism of the catholic church 1038 the resurrection of all the dead of both the just and the unjust acts 24 15 will precede the last judgment this will be the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear the son of man s voice and come forth those who have done good to the resurrection of life and those who have done evil to the resurrection of judgment jn 5 28 29 then christ will come in his glory and all the angels with him before him will be gathered all the nations and he will separate them one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats and he will place the sheep at his right hand but the goats at the left and they will go away into eternal punishment but the righteous into eternal life mt 25 31 32 46 1039 in the presence of christ who is truth itself the truth of each man s relationship with god will be laid bare cf jn 12 49 the last judgment will reveal even to its furthest consequences the good each person has done or failed to do during his earthly life 1040 the last judgment will come when christ returns in glory only the father knows the day and the hour only he determines the moment of its coming then through his son jesus christ he will pronounce the final word on all history we shall know the ultimate meaning of the whole work of creation and of the entire economy of salvation and understand the marvelous ways by which his providence led everything towards its final end the last judgment will reveal that god s justice triumphs over all the injustices committed by his creatures and that god s love is stronger than death cf song 8 6 30 catechism of the catholic church the eastern orthodox and catholic teachings of the last judgment differ only on the exact nature of the in between state of purgatory abraham s bosom these differences may only be apparent and not actual due to differing theological terminology and evolving tradition eastern orthodoxy edit the last judgment 17th century icon from lipie historic museum in sanok poland the last judgment mural from voroneț monastery romania the eastern orthodox church teaches that there are two judgments the first or particular judgment is that experienced by each individual at the time of his or her death at which time god will decide where 31 one is to spend the time until the second coming of christ see hades in christianity this judgment is generally believed to occur on the fortieth day after death the second general or final judgment will occur after the second coming although in modern times some have attempted to introduce the concept of soul sleep into orthodox thought about life after death it has never been a part of traditional orthodox teaching and it contradicts the orthodox understanding of the intercession of the saints citation needed eastern orthodoxy teaches that salvation is bestowed by god as a free gift of divine grace which cannot be earned and by which forgiveness of sins is available to all however the deeds done by each person are believed to affect how he will be judged following the parable of the sheep and the goats how forgiveness is to be balanced against behavior is not well defined in scripture judgment in the matter being solely christ s similarly although orthodoxy teaches that sole salvation is obtained only through christ and his church the fate of those outside the church at the last judgment is left to the mercy of god and is not declared icons edit viktor vasnetsov s the last judgment 1904 the theme of the last judgment is important in orthodoxy traditionally an orthodox church will have a fresco or mosaic of the last judgment on the back western wall so that the faithful as they leave the services are reminded that they will be judged by what they do during earthly life the icon of the last judgment traditionally depicts christ pantokrator enthroned in glory on a white throne surrounded by the theotokos virgin mary john the baptist the apostles saints and angels beneath the throne the scene is divided in half with the mansions of the righteous john 14 2 i e those who have been saved to jesus right the viewer s left and the torments of those who have been damned to his left separating the two is the river of fire which proceeds from jesus left foot for more detail see below hymnography edit theodore poulakis the hymn to the virgin with last judgment 1622 the theme of the last judgement is found in the funeral and memorial hymnody of the church and is a major theme in the services during great lent the second sunday before the beginning of great lent is dedicated to the last judgement it is also found in the hymns of the octoechos used on saturdays throughout the year cretan school edit there were many renditions of the last judgment completed by greek painters living in crete which was held by the venetian empire most of the works of art were influenced by venetian painting but were considered to be painted in the maniera greca the last judgment by francheskos kavertzas 1648 georgios klontzas painted many triptychs featuring the last judgment some include the last judgment the last judgement triptych and the triptych of the last judgement klontzas was the forerunner of a new painting style 32 33 other greek painters followed the precedent set by klontzas theodore poulakis added the last judgment to his rendition of klontzas in thee rejoiceth the painter incorporated the last judgement into one of klontzas earlier works entitled in thee rejoiceth poulakis paid homage to the father of the last judgement style 34 leos moskos and francheskos kavertzas also followed the outline for the stylistic representation of the last judgement set by klontzas their works were the last judgment kavertzas and the last judgment moskos both paintings resemble klontas last judgement painting 35 36 lutheranism edit lutherans do not believe in any sort of earthly millennial kingdom of christ either before or after his second coming on the last day 37 on the last day 38 all the dead will be resurrected 39 their souls will then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying 40 the bodies will then be changed those of the wicked to a state of everlasting shame and torment 41 those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory 42 after the resurrection of all the dead 43 and the change of those still living 44 all nations shall be gathered before christ 45 and he will separate the righteous from the wicked 46 christ will publicly judge 47 all people by the testimony of their faith 48 the good works 49 of the righteous in evidence of their faith 50 and the evil works of the wicked in evidence of their unbelief 51 he will judge in righteousness 52 in the presence of all and men and angels 53 and his final judgment will be just damnation to everlasting punishment for the wicked and a gracious gift of life everlasting to the righteous 54 55 56 william blake s the day of judgment printed in 1808 to illustrate robert blair s poem the grave esoteric christian traditions edit see also second coming esoteric christian teachings and esoteric christianity although the last judgment is believed by a great part of christian mainstream churches some members of esoteric christian traditions like the rosicrucians the spiritualist movement and some liberals instead believe in a form of universal salvation citation needed max heindel a danish american astrologer and mystic taught that when the day of christ comes marking the end of the current fifth or aryan epoch the human race will have to pass a final examination or last judgment where as in the days of noah 57 the chosen ones or pioneers the sheep will be separated from the goats or stragglers 58 by being carried forward into the next evolutionary period inheriting the ethereal conditions of the new galilee in the making nevertheless it is emphasized that all beings of the human ev...
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