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wn 54 and this louse can transmit certain diseases that the closely related human head louse p h capitis cannot with their simple life history and small genomes the pair make ideal model organisms to study the molecular mechanisms behind the transmission of pathogens and vector competence 55 lice have been the subject of significant dna research in the 2000s that led to discoveries on human evolution the three species of sucking lice that parasitize human beings belong to two genera pediculus and pthirus head lice pediculus humanus capitis body lice pediculus humanus humanus and pubic lice pthirus pubis human head and body lice genus pediculus share a common ancestor with chimpanzee lice while pubic lice genus pthirus share a common ancestor with gorilla lice using phylogenetic and cophylogenetic analysis reed et al hypothesized that pediculus and pthirus are sister taxa and monophyletic 56 in other words the two genera descended from the same common ancestor the age of divergence between pediculus and its common ancestor is estimated to be 6 7 million years ago which matches the age predicted by chimpanzee hominid divergence 56 because parasites rely on their hosts host parasite cospeciation events are likely genetic evidence suggests that human ancestors acquired pubic lice from gorillas approximately 3 4 million years ago 56 unlike the genus pediculus the divergence in pthirus does not match the age of host divergence that likely occurred 7 million years ago reed et al propose a pthirus species host switch around 3 4 million years ago while it is difficult to determine if a parasite host switch occurred in evolutionary history this explanation is the most parsimonious containing the fewest evolutionary changes 56 additionally the dna differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans used clothing between 80 000 and 170 000 years ago before leaving africa 57 human head and body lice occupy distinct ecological zones head lice live and feed on the scalp while body lice live on clothing and feed on the body because body lice require clothing to survive the divergence of head and body lice from their common ancestor provides an estimate of the date of introduction of clothing in human evolutionary history 57 58 the mitochondrial genome of the human species of the body louse pediculus humanus humanus the head louse pediculus humanus capitis and the pubic louse pthirus pubis fragmented into a number of minichromosomes at least seven million years ago 59 analysis of mitochondrial dna in human body and hair lice reveals that greater genetic diversity existed in african than in non african lice 58 60 human lice can also shed light on human migratory patterns in prehistory the dominating theory of anthropologists regarding human migration is the out of africa hypothesis genetic diversity accumulates over time and mutations occur at a relatively constant rate because there is more genetic diversity in african lice the lice and their human hosts must have existed in africa before anywhere else 60 woodlouse the name woodlouse or wood louse is given to crustaceans of the suborder oniscidea within the order isopoda unrelated to lice the oxford english dictionary s earliest citation of this usage is from 1611 61 see also pest organism use of dna in forensic entomology references de moya r s yoshizawa k walden k k o sweet a d dietrich c h johnson k p 2021 phylogenomics of parasitic and nonparasitic lice insecta psocodea combining sequence data and exploring compositional bias solutions in next generation data sets systematic biology 70 4 719 738 doi 10 1093 sysbio syaa075 pmid 32979270 price r d hellenthal r a palma r l johnson k p clayton d h 2003 the chewing lice world checklist and biological overview pdf special publication 24 illinois natural history survey pp 1 301 isbn 1 882932 08 0 oclc 52538131 dead link rózsa l weaver h j 2024 chapter 64 phthiraptera order lice concepts in animal parasitology university of nebraska lincoln zea books p 771 phthiraptera royal entomological society retrieved december 22 2025 although nearly all bird species have lice some mammalian groups have none and these include monotremes bats and whales cetaceans one might assume that marine mammals cetaceans and sirenians would be safe from lice because of the frequent immersion in sea water a b zhang y rasnitsyn a p zhang w song f shih c ren d wang y li h gao t 2024 stem chewing lice on cretaceous feathers preserved in amber current biology 34 4 916 922 e1 bibcode 2024cbio 34e 916z doi 10 1016 j cub 2024 01 027 pmid 38320551 a b c d de moya robert s yoshizawa kazunori walden kimberly k o sweet andrew d dietrich christopher h kevin p johnson 2021 06 16 buckley thomas ed phylogenomics of parasitic and nonparasitic lice insecta psocodea combining sequence data and exploring compositional bias solutions in next generation data sets systematic biology 70 4 719 738 doi 10 1093 sysbio syaa075 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