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hasa melayu नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan oromoo polski português română русский sardu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย türkçe українська اردو vèneto tiếng việt walon winaray 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia device used to control other devices remotely for other uses see remote control disambiguation not to be confused with teleoperation or radio control a samsung nuon n2000 television and dvd remote control an air conditioning unit remote control a remote control also known colloquially as a remote or clicker 1 is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance usually wirelessly in consumer electronics a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a television set dvd player or other digital home media appliance a remote control can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls they function best when used from a short distance this is primarily a convenience feature for the user in some cases remote controls allow a person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to reach as when a garage door opener is triggered from outside the standard symbol used to denote that it uses infrared as a way to send the signal to devices early television remote controls 1956 1977 used ultrasonic tones present day remote controls are commonly consumer infrared devices which send digitally coded pulses of infrared radiation they control functions such as power volume channels playback track change energy fan speed and various other features remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons they are used to adjust various settings such as television channel track number and volume the remote control code and thus the required remote control device is usually specific to a product line however there are universal remotes which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices remote controls in the 2000s include bluetooth or wi fi connectivity motion sensor enabled capabilities and voice control 2 3 remote controls for 2010s onward smart tvs may feature a standalone keyboard on the rear side to facilitate typing and be usable as a pointing device 4 history edit further information radio control history wired and wireless remote control was developed in the latter half of the 19th century to meet the need to control unmanned vehicles for the most part military torpedoes 5 these included a wired version by german engineer werner von siemens in 1870 and radio controlled ones by british engineer ernest wilson and c j evans 1897 6 7 and a prototype that inventor nikola tesla demonstrated in new york in 1898 8 in 1903 spanish engineer leonardo torres quevedo introduced a radio based control system called the telekino 9 at the paris academy of sciences which he hoped to use to control an airship of his design without endangering human lives distinct from previous signaling methods that relied on rigid sequential states the telekino was capable of executing a finite non limited set of different mechanical actions using a single communication channel 10 11 from 1904 to 1906 torres chose to conduct telekino testing in a three wheeled land vehicle with an effective range of 20 to 30 meters and guiding a manned electrically powered boat with a standoff range of 2 kilometers 12 the first remote controlled model airplane flew in 1932 citation needed and the use of remote control technology for military purposes was worked on intensively during the second world war one result of this being the german wasserfall missile philco mystery control 1939 by the late 1930s several radio manufacturers offered remote controls for some of their higher end models 13 most of these were connected to the set being controlled by wires but the philco mystery control 1939 was a battery operated low frequency radio transmitter 14 thus making it the first wireless remote control for a consumer electronics device using pulse count modulation this also was the first digital wireless remote control television remote controls edit 1950s tv remote by motorola saba corded tv remote one of the first remote intended to control a television was developed by zenith radio corporation in 1950 the remote called lazy bones 15 was connected to the television by a wire a wireless remote control the flash matic 15 16 was developed in 1955 by eugene polley it worked by shining a beam of light onto one of four photoelectric cells 17 but the cell did not distinguish between light from the remote and light from other sources 18 the flashmatic also had to be pointed very precisely at one of the sensors in order to work 18 19 the zenith space commander six hundred remote control in 1956 robert adler developed zenith space command a wireless remote 15 20 21 it was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume 22 21 when the user pushed a button on the remote control it struck a bar and clicked hence they were commonly called clickers and the mechanics were similar to a pluck 21 23 each of the four bars emitted a different fundamental frequency with ultrasonic harmonics and circuits in the television detected these sounds and interpreted them as channel up channel down sound on off and power on off 24 later the rapid decrease in price of transistors made possible cheaper electronic remotes that contained a piezoelectric crystal that was fed by an oscillating electric current at a frequency near or above the upper threshold of human hearing though still audible to dogs the receiver contained a microphone attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered accidentally by naturally occurring noises or deliberately by metal against glass for example and some people could hear the lower ultrasonic harmonics an rca universal remote in 1970 rca introduced an all electronic remote control that uses digital signals and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor mosfet memory this was widely adopted for color television replacing motor driven tuning controls 25 the impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973 with the development of the ceefax teletext service by the bbc most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions sometimes as few as three next channel previous channel and volume off this type of control did not meet the needs of teletext sets where pages were identified with three digit numbers a remote control that selects teletext pages would need buttons for each numeral from zero to nine as well as other control functions such as switching from text to picture and the normal television controls of volume channel brightness color intensity etc early teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages but the continuous use of the remote control required for teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device so bbc engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers which led to early prototypes in around 1977 1978 that could control many more functions itt was one of the companies and later gave its name to the itt protocol of infrared communication 26 tv vhs and dvd remote controls in 1980 the most popular remote control was the starcom cable tv converter from jerrold electronics a division of general instrument 15 failed verification which used 40 khz sound to change channels then a canadian company viewstar inc was formed by engineer paul hrivnak and started producing a cable tv converter with an infrared remote control the product was sold through philips for approximately 190 cad the viewstar converter was an immediate success the millionth converter being sold on march 21 1985 with 1 6 million sold by 1989 27 28 other remote controls edit the blab off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned a tv s television sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials 29 in the 1980s steve wozniak of apple started a company named cl 9 the purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices the core unit controller of remote equipment was introduced in the fall of 1987 the advantage to this remote controller was that it could learn remote signals from different devices learning remote controls later became widely used in universal remotes for managing multiple home entertainment devices from a single controller 30 it had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built in clock it was the first remote control that could be linked to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed the core unit never made a huge impact on the market it was much too cumbersome for the average user to program but it received rave reviews from those who could citation needed these obstacles eventually led to the demise of cl 9 but two of its employees continued the business under the name celadon this was one of the first computer controlled learning remote controls on the market 31 in the 1990s cars were increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks these remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk an aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter this enables a car owner to remotely start their car this feature is most associated with countries with winter climates where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows proliferation edit used remote controls for sale in a market in hong kong by the early 2000s the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased along with the number of remotes to control those devices according to the consumer electronics association an average us home has four remotes citation needed to operate a home theater as many as five or six remotes may be required including one for cable or satellite receiver vcr or digital video recorder dvr pvr dvd player tv and audio amplifier several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly however as there are no accepted interface guidelines the process is increasingly cumbersome one solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the universal remote a remote control that is programmed with the operation codes for most major brands of tvs dvd players etc in the early 2010s many smartphone manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable app 32 technique edit the main technology used in home remote controls is infrared ir light the signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light which is invisible to the human eye but can be seen through a digital camera video camera or phone camera the transmitter in the remote control handset sends out a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset a transmitter is often a light emitting diode led which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset the infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button the receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly 33 opto components and circuits edit the emission spectrum of a typical sound system remote control is in the near infrared the infrared diode modulates at a speed corresponding to a particular function when seen through a digital camera the diode appears to be emitting pulses of purple light most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared diode to emit a beam of light that reaches the device a 940 nm wavelength led is typical 34 this infrared light is not visible to the human eye but picked up by sensors on the receiving device video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light with a single channel single function one button remote control the presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function for multi channel normal multi function remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequencies after the receiver demodulates the received signal it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals one can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in very close proximity to an am radio not tuned to a station today ir remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code encoded and decoded by a digital computer a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier present and carrier not present of varying widths citation needed consumer electronics infrared protocols edit different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands the rc 5 protocol that has its origins within philips uses for instance a total of 14 bits for each button press the bit pattern is modulated onto a carrier frequency that again can be different for different manufacturers and standards in the case of rc 5 the carrier is 36 khz other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of sircs used by sony the rc 6 from philips the ruwido r step and the nec tc101 protocol infrared line of sight and operating angle edit since infrared ir remote controls use light they require line of sight to operate the destination device the signal can however be reflected by mirrors just like any other light source if operation is required where no line of sight is possible for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet many brands of ir extenders are available for this on the market most of these have an ir receiver picking up the ir signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part which has an ir transmitter mimicking the original ir control infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the phototransistor however it is easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver radio remote control systems edit this section does not c...
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