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africa libya egypt morocco algeria tunisia east africa guerrilla war middle east iraq syria lebanon iran other campaigns americas antarctica australia atlantic arctic air warfare strategic bombing french west africa indian ocean 1941 1945 madagascar world war ii navigation campaigns countries equipment timeline outline lists historiography category bibliography v t e world war ii b or the second world war 1 september 1939 2 september 1945 was a global conflict between two coalitions the allies and the axis powers nearly all of the world s countries participated with many engaging in total war on an unprecedented scale world war ii was the deadliest conflict in history causing the deaths of 60 to 75 million people a majority of whom were civilians millions died as a result of massacres starvation disease and genocides including the holocaust after the allied victory germany austria japan and korea were occupied and german and japanese leaders were tried for war crimes the causes of world war ii included unresolved tensions in the aftermath of world war i and the rise of fascism in europe and militarism in japan key events preceding the war included japan s invasion of manchuria in 1931 the spanish civil war the outbreak of the second sino japanese war in 1937 and germany s annexations of austria and the sudetenland world war ii is generally considered to have begun on 1 september 1939 when nazi germany under adolf hitler invaded poland after which the united kingdom and france declared war on germany poland was also invaded by the soviet union in mid september and was partitioned between the two states under the molotov ribbentrop pact in 1940 the soviet union annexed the baltic states and parts of finland and romania while germany conquered norway denmark belgium luxembourg and the netherlands after the fall of france in june 1940 the war continued mainly between germany now assisted by fascist italy and the british empire and british commonwealth with fighting in the balkans mediterranean middle east east africa the aerial battle of britain the blitz and the naval battle of the atlantic by mid 1941 yugoslavia and greece had also been defeated by axis countries in june 1941 germany invaded the soviet union opening the eastern front in december 1941 japan attacked american and british territories in asia and the pacific including pearl harbor in hawaii leading the united states to enter the war against the axis japan conquered much of coastal china and southeast asia but its advances in the pacific were halted in june 1942 at the battle of midway in early 1943 axis forces were defeated in north africa and at stalingrad in the soviet union an allied invasion of italy in july resulted in the fall of its fascist regime and allied offensives in the pacific and the soviet union forced the axis to retreat on all fronts in 1944 the western allies invaded france at normandy opening a new front and the soviet union advanced into central europe japan also suffered major setbacks including the crippling of its navy by the united states the loss of key western pacific islands and defeats in burma the war in europe concluded with the liberation of german occupied territories and an invasion of germany itself which culminated in the fall of berlin and germany s unconditional surrender on 8 may 1945 on 6 and 9 august the us dropped atomic bombs on hiroshima and nagasaki followed by a soviet invasion of japanese occupied manchuria japan announced its unconditional surrender on 15 august and signed a surrender document on 2 september 1945 world war ii transformed the political economic and social structures of the world and established the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century the united nations was created to foster international cooperation and prevent future conflicts with the victorious great powers china france the soviet union the united kingdom and the united states becoming the permanent members of its security council the soviet union and the united states emerged as rival superpowers setting the stage for the cold war in the wake of europe s devastation the influence of its great powers waned triggering the decolonisation of africa and of asia many countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery and expansion start and end dates see also list of timelines of world war ii timelines of world war ii chronological prelude events in asia in europe aftermath 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 aftermath by topic causes diplomacy declarations of war battles operations by theatre battle of europe air operations eastern front manhattan project united kingdom home front surrender of the axis armies v t e most historians agree that world war ii began with the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 and the british and french declarations of war on germany two days later 1 dates for the beginning of the pacific war include the start of the second sino japanese war on 7 july 1937 or the earlier japanese invasion of manchuria on 18 september 1931 2 3 4 5 other proposed starting dates include the italian invasion of abyssinia on 3 october 1935 6 the british historian antony beevor views the beginning of world war ii as the battles of khalkhin gol fought between japan and the forces of mongolia and the soviet union from may to september 1939 7 others view the spanish civil war as the start of or prelude to world war ii 8 9 the date of the war s end is also not universally agreed upon it was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 august 1945 v j day rather than with the formal surrender of japan on 2 september 1945 which officially ended the war in asia a peace treaty between japan and the allies was signed in 1951 10 a 1990 treaty regarding germany s future allowed the reunification of east and west germany to take place 11 no formal peace treaty between japan and the soviet union was ever signed although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the soviet japanese joint declaration of 1956 which also restored full diplomatic relations between them 12 13 background main article causes of world war ii aftermath of world war i the league of nations assembly held in geneva switzerland 1930 world war i radically altered the european political map the most prominent nations of the central powers each lost territory in their respective peace treaties at the conclusion of the conflict new nation states were created out of the dissolution of the austro hungarian ottoman and russian empires 14 to prevent a future world war the league of nations was established in 1920 by the paris peace conference the organisation s primary function was to prevent armed conflict through collective security military and naval disarmament as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration 15 despite strong pacifist sentiment after world war i irredentist and revanchist nationalism had emerged in several european states 16 these sentiments were especially pronounced in germany due to the significant territorial colonial and financial losses imposed by the treaty of versailles under the treaty germany lost around 13 per cent of its home territory and all its overseas possessions while german annexation of other states was prohibited reparations were imposed and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country s armed forces 17 germany and italy the german empire was dissolved in the german revolution of 1918 1919 and a democratic government later known as the weimar republic was created the interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left italy as an entente ally had made some post war territorial gains however italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the united kingdom and france to secure italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement from 1922 to 1925 the fascist movement led by benito mussolini seized power in italy with a nationalist totalitarian and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy repressed socialist left wing and liberal forces and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making italy a world power promising the creation of a new roman empire 18 adolf hitler at a german nazi political rally in nuremberg august 1933 adolf hitler after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the german government in 1923 eventually became the chancellor of germany in 1933 when president paul von hindenburg and the reichstag appointed him the nazis soon abolished parliamentary democracy espousing a radical racially motivated revision of the world order and began a massive rearmament campaign 19 following hindenburg s death in 1934 hitler proclaimed himself führer of germany france seeking to secure its alliance with italy allowed italy a free hand in ethiopia which italy desired as a colonial possession the situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the territory of the saar basin was legally reunited with germany and hitler repudiated the treaty of versailles accelerated his rearmament programme and introduced conscription 20 european treaties the united kingdom france and italy formed the stresa front in april 1935 to contain germany a key step towards military globalisation however that june the united kingdom made an independent naval agreement with germany easing prior restrictions the soviet union concerned by germany s goals of capturing vast areas of eastern europe drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with france before taking effect though the franco soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the league of nations which rendered it essentially toothless 21 the united states concerned with events in europe and asia passed the neutrality act in august of the same year 22 hitler defied the versailles and locarno treaties by remilitarising the rhineland in march 1936 encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement 23 in october 1936 germany and italy formed the rome berlin axis a month later germany and japan signed the anti comintern pact which italy joined the following year 24 asia the kuomintang party in china launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified china in the mid 1920s but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former chinese communist party ccp allies and new regional warlords 25 in 1931 an increasingly militaristic empire of japan which had long sought influence in china as the first step of what its government saw as the country s right to rule asia staged the mukden incident as a pretext to invade manchuria and establish the puppet state of manchukuo 26 27 china appealed to the league of nations to stop the japanese invasion of manchuria japan withdrew from the league of nations after being condemned for its incursion into manchuria the two nations then fought several battles in shanghai rehe and hebei until the tanggu truce was signed in 1933 thereafter chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to japanese aggression in manchuria and chahar and suiyuan 28 after the 1936 xi an incident the kuomintang and ccp forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose japan 29 pre war events italian invasion of ethiopia 1935 main article second italo ethiopian war benito mussolini inspecting troops during the italo ethiopian war 1935 the second italo ethiopian war was a colonial war that began in october 1935 and ended in may 1936 the war began with the invasion of the ethiopian empire also known as abyssinia by the armed forces of the kingdom of italy regno d italia which was launched from italian somaliland and eritrea 30 the war resulted in the military occupation of ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of italian east africa africa orientale italiana in addition it exposed the weakness of the league of nations as a force to preserve peace both italy and ethiopia were member nations but the league did little when the former clearly violated article x of the league s covenant 31 the united kingdom and france supported imposing sanctions on italy for the invasion although the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the italian invasion 32 italy subsequently dropped its objections to germany s goal of absorbing austria 33 spanish civil war 1936 1939 main article spanish civil war when civil war broke out in spain hitler and mussolini lent military support to the nationalist rebels led by general francisco franco italy supported the nationalists to a greater extent than the nazis mussolini sent more than 70 000 ground troops 6 000 aviation personnel and 720 aircraft to spain 34 the soviet union supported the existing government of the spanish republic more than 30 000 foreign volunteers known as the international brigades also fought against the nationalists both germany and the soviet union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics the nationalists won the civil war in april 1939 franco now dictator remained officially neutral during world war ii but generally favoured the axis 35 his largest collaboration with germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the eastern front 36 japanese invasion of china 1937 main article second sino japanese war chinese soldiers battle the imperial japanese army in taierzhuang 1938 in july 1937 japan captured the former chinese imperial capital of peking after instigating the marco polo bridge incident which culminated in the japanese campaign to invade all of china following years of tension and low level conflicts 37 the soviets quickly signed a non aggression pact with china to lend materiel support effectively ending china s prior cooperation with germany 38 from september to november the japanese attacked taiyuan engaged the kuomintang army around xinkou fought communist forces in pingxingguan and wrestled control over china s northern railway network 39 40 41 nationalist generalissimo chiang kai shek deployed his best army to defend shanghai but after three months of heavy fighting shanghai fell the japanese continued to push chinese forces back capturing the capital nanking in december 1937 42 43 44 in march 1938 nationalist chinese forces won their first major victory at taierzhuang but ultimately lost control of the city of xuzhou in may 45 in june 1938 chinese forces stalled the japanese advance by flooding the yellow river buying time for the chinese to prepare their defences at wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population but the city was taken by october after heavy fighting along the yangtze river 46 japanese military victories did not destroy chinese resistance instead the chinese government relocated inland to chongqing and continued the war 47 48 aiming to ...
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