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sion in other projects wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from just war doctrine about when a war is ethically just just war redirects here for the 1996 science fiction novel see just war novel for theories about warfare in general see military theory church father saint augustine was the first clear advocate of just war theory part of a series on war outline index history prehistoric ancient post classical early modern industrial modern military organization command and control defense ministry reserves ranks branches army navy air force marines coast guard border guard special forces cyber force space force specialties staff engineers intel recon medical police diving pilot land units infantry armor cavalry artillery special forces signal corps naval units warships submarines aircraft carriers landing craft auxiliary ships air units fighters bombers command close air support electronic warfare reconnaissance combat systems fire control system fire control radar director military combat information center sonar radar historical ship gun fire control gun data computer torpedo data computer development basic training military maneuvers combat training battlespace aerospace aerial airborne space land cold region desert fortification jungle mountain urban subterranean tunnel sea amphibious blue brown green surface underwater seabed cyber information night technology air defense armor artillery barrage biological camouflage cavalry horses air cavalry chemical combined arms conventional cyber denial disinformation drone robot electromagnetic firearms infantry loitering missile music nuclear psychological radiological space submarine unconventional tactics list of military tactics aerial airlift air assault airbridge airdrop anti aircraft anti sub anti tank battle cavalry charge cqc counterattack counterinsurgency convoy defeat in detail foxhole drone envelopment formation guerrilla naval shock rapid dominance encirclement investment siege swarm screen tactical objective target saturation trench withdrawal operational military operation special operations research blitzkrieg expeditionary deep operation maneuver operational maneuver group raid covert stay behind strategy list of military strategies and concepts military campaign anti access attrition commerce raiding counter offensive culminating defense in depth fabian empty fort kinetic mosaic deception defensive depth goal nuclear naval offensive scorched earth grand strategy asymmetric blockade broken backed class cold war colonial conquest containment divide and conquer economic endemic fleet in being irregular liberation limited network centric new generation perpetual political princely proxy religious resource strategic succession technology theater total war world war administrative branch policy staff training service sociology organization area of responsibility chain of command command and control doctrine order of battle principles of war economy of force medicine engineers intelligence ranks personnel recruitment conscription draft evasion mobilization training specialism soldier morale volunteer women children transgender harassment conscientious objector conscription and sexism counter recruitment logistics history war economy arms industry materiel train supply chain management defense industrial base base mob fob outpost science power projection loss of strength gradient lanchester s laws force multiplication morale law belligerent occupation armistice ceasefire court martial desertion geneva conventions geneva protocol islamic rules justice lawful unlawful combatant perfidy regular irregular jewish laws on war right of conquest right of self defense rules of engagement self determination martial law war crime war and genocide war treason warlord theory air supremacy appeasement command of the sea deterrence theory full spectrum dominance overmatch just war theory principles of war philosophy of war security dilemma tripwire force wargaming simulation exercises combat effectiveness center of gravity non warfare arms control counter insurgency deterrence disaster response gray zone gunboat diplomacy humanitarian aid law enforcement low intensity conflict military engineering peacekeeping peacebuilding peace through strength show of force culture awards and decorations battle cry warrior war film military science fiction war novel anti war movement foot drill war song psychology uniform wargame militarization militarism antimilitarism camp follower related women in war war resister war studies horses in warfare wartime sexual violence fifth column mercenary pacifism privateer private military company soldiers are murderers category v t e the just war theory latin bellum iustum 1 2 is a doctrine also referred to as a tradition of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria all of which must be met for a war to be considered just it has been studied by military leaders theologians ethicists and policymakers the criteria are split into two groups jus ad bellum right to go to war and jus in bello right conduct in war 3 there have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory jus post bellum dealing with the morality of post war settlement and reconstruction 4 5 the just war theory postulates that war while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct is not always the worst option but justifiable when justice is an objective of armed conflict 6 important responsibilities undesirable outcomes or preventable atrocities may justify war 3 opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a stricter pacifist standard proposing that there has never been nor can there ever be a justifiable basis for war or they may be inclined toward a more permissive nationalist standard proposing that a war need only to serve a nation s interests to be justifiable in many cases philosophers state that individuals do not need to be plagued by a guilty conscience if they are required to fight a few philosophers ennoble the virtues of the soldier while they also declare their apprehensions for war itself 7 a few such as rousseau argue for insurrection against oppressive rule the historical aspect or the just war tradition deals with the historical body of rules or agreements that have applied in various wars across the ages the just war tradition also considers the writings of various philosophers and lawyers through history and examines both their philosophical visions of war s ethical limits and whether their thoughts have contributed to the body of conventions that have evolved to guide war and warfare 8 in the twenty first century there has been significant debate between traditional just war theorists who largely support the existing law of war and develop arguments to support it and revisionists who reject many traditional assumptions although not necessarily advocating a change in the law 9 10 origins edit ancient egypt edit a 2017 study found that the just war tradition can be traced as far back as to ancient egypt 11 egyptian ethics of war usually centered on three main ideas these including the cosmological role of egypt the pharaoh as a divine office and executor of the will of the gods and the superiority of the egyptian state and population over all other states and people egyptian political theology held that the pharaoh had the exclusive legitimacy in justly initiating a war usually claimed to carry out the will of the gods senusret i in the twelfth dynasty claimed i was nursed to be a conqueror his atum s son and his protector he gave me to conquer what he conquered later pharaohs also considered their sonship of the god amun re as granting them absolute ability to declare war on the deity s behalf pharaohs often visited temples prior to initiating campaigns where the pharaoh was believed to receive their commands of war from the deities for example kamose claimed that i went north because i was strong enough to attack the asiatics through the command of amon the just of counsels a stele erected by thutmose iii at the temple of amun at karnak provides an unequivocal statement of the pharaoh s divine mandate to wage war on his enemies as the period of the new kingdom progressed and egypt heightened its territorial ambition so did the invocation of just war aid the justification of these efforts the universal principle of maat signifying order and justice was central to the egyptian notion of just war and its ability to guarantee egypt virtually no limits on what it could take do or use to guarantee the ambitions of the state 11 india edit the indian hindu epic the mahabharata offers the first written discussions of a just war dharma yuddha or righteous war in it one of five ruling brothers pandavas asks if the suffering caused by war can ever be justified a long discussion then ensues between the siblings establishing criteria like proportionality chariots cannot attack cavalry only other chariots no attacking people in distress just means no poisoned or barbed arrows just cause no attacking out of rage and fair treatment of captives and the wounded 12 in sikhism the term dharamyudh describes a war that is fought for just righteous or religious reasons especially in defence of one s own beliefs though some core tenets in the sikh religion are understood to emphasise peace and nonviolence especially before the 1606 execution of guru arjan by mughal emperor jahangir 13 military force may be justified if all peaceful means to settle a conflict have been exhausted thus resulting in a dharamyudh 14 east asian edit chinese philosophy produced a massive body of work on warfare much of it during the zhou dynasty especially the warring states era war was justified only as a last resort and only by the rightful sovereign however questioning the decision of the emperor concerning the necessity of a military action was not permissible the success of a military campaign was sufficient proof that the campaign had been righteous 15 japan did not develop its own doctrine of just war but between the 5th and the 7th centuries drew heavily from chinese philosophy and especially confucian views as part of the japanese campaign to take the northeastern island honshu japanese military action was portrayed as an effort to pacify the emishi people who were likened to bandits and wild hearted wolf cubs and accused of invading japan s frontier lands 16 ancient greece and rome edit the notion of just war in europe originates and is developed first in ancient greece and then in the roman empire 17 18 19 it was aristotle who first introduced the concept and terminology to the hellenic world that called war a last resort requiring conduct that would allow the restoration of peace aristotle argues that the cultivation of a military is necessary and good for the purpose of self defense not for conquering the proper object of practising military training is not in order that men may enslave those who do not deserve slavery but in order that first they may themselves avoid becoming enslaved to others politics book 7 20 stoic philosopher panaetius considered war inhuman but contemplated just war when it was impossible to bring peace and justice by peaceful means just war could be waged solely for retribution or defense in both cases having to be declared officially he also established the importance of treating the defeated in a civilized way especially those who surrendered even after a prolonged conflict 21 in ancient rome a just cause for war might include the necessity of repelling an invasion or retaliation for pillaging or a breach of treaty 22 war was always potentially nefas wrong forbidden and risked religious pollution and divine disfavor 23 a just war bellum iustum thus required a ritualized declaration by the fetial priests 24 more broadly conventions of war and treaty making were part of the ius gentium the law of nations the customary moral obligations regarded as innate and universal to human beings 25 christian views edit christian just war thinking is often thought to begin with saint ambrose bishop of milan before being developed further by his contemporary saint augustine of hippo 26 27 the just war theory with some amendments is still used by christians today as a guide to whether or not a war can be justified and how it should be fought christians may argue sometimes war may be necessary and right even though it may not be good in the case of a country that has been invaded by an occupying force for example war may be the only way to restore justice 28 saint ambrose edit influenced by roman law and cicero in particular ambrose believed that war was legitimate only for defensive purposes or the punishment of serious wrongdoing and rulers were obliged to respect treaties avoid exploiting enemies and treat the defeated with mercy 29 ambrose also seems to have regarded military force as permissible against heretics or in support of christian orthodoxy 30 nevertheless he strictly prohibited the church from direct involvement in violence insisting that clergy must not take up arms themselves 30 similarly warfare had to be undertaken only to fulfill divine law not for personal motives and any war driven by emotional excess vindictiveness or other disordered intentions fell outside the moral limits he envisioned 30 saint augustine edit saint augustine held that christians should not resort immediately to violence but that god has given the sword to governments for a good reason based upon romans 13 4 in contra faustum manichaeum book 22 sections 69 76 the main source for his just war ideas augustine argues that christians as part of a government need not be ashamed of protecting peace and punishing wickedness when they are obliged to do so augustine regarded intention as the main determinant of whether a war was just or sinful what is here required is not a bodily action but an inward disposition the sacred seat of virtue is the heart 31 nonetheless augustine asserted that peaceful inaction in the face of a grave wrong that could be rectified only by violence would be a sin defense of oneself or the innocent could therefore be a necessity especially when authorized by a legitimate state authority they who have waged war in obedience to the divine command or in conformity with his laws have represented in their persons the public justice or the wisdom of government and in this capacity have put to death wicked men such persons have by no means violated the commandment thou shalt not kill 32 but say they the wise man will wage just wars as if he would not all the rather lament the necessity of just wars if he remembers that he is a man for if they were not just he would not wage them and would therefore be delivered from all wars 32 no war is undertaken by a good state except on behalf of good faith or for safety 33 according to j ...
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