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ys grenada emerged from a shallow sea as a submarine volcano in recent times volcanic activity has been non existent except for some of its hot spring and underwater volcano kick em jenny most of grenada s terrain is made up of volcanic activity that took place 1 2 million years ago citation needed there would have been many unknown volcanoes responsible for the formation of grenada including grenada s capital st george s with its horseshoe shaped harbour the carenage two extinct volcanoes which are now crater lakes grand etang lake and lake antoine would have also contributed to the formation of grenada government and politics edit main article politics of grenada charles iii king of grenada cécile la grenade governor general of grenada dickon mitchell prime minister of grenada grenada is a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy 81 with charles iii as head of state represented locally by a governor general 7 23 executive power lies with the head of government the prime minister the governor general s role is mainly ceremonial while the prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in parliament 7 the parliament of grenada consists of a senate 13 members and a house of representatives 15 members the government and the opposition recommend appointments of senators to the governor general while the population elects representatives for five year terms 7 grenada operates a multi party system with the largest parties being the centre right new national party nnp and the centre left national democratic congress ndc 7 in february 2013 the governing national democratic congress ndc lost the election the opposition new national party nnp won all 15 seats in the general election keith mitchell leader of nnp who had served three terms as prime minister between 1995 and 2008 returned to power 82 mitchell subsequently led nnp to win all 15 seats in the house of representatives again in 2018 marking three separate occasions on which he had achieved this feat in november 2021 prime minister keith mitchell said that the upcoming general elections which were constitutionally due no later than june 2023 was to be the last one for him 83 mitchell advised the governor general on 16 may 2022 to dissolve parliament a year earlier than the constitutional requirement 84 the new national party subsequently lost the 2022 election to the national democratic congress with the ndc winning 9 seats to the nnp s 6 dickon mitchell a political newcomer who had only taken over as leader of the national democratic congress less than a year before the election and never held elected office was subsequently appointed prime minister administrative divisions edit main article parishes of grenada grenada is divided into six parishes 7 the area known as carriacou and petite martinique not pictured has the status of a dependency 7 grenada parishes foreign relations edit further information foreign relations of grenada grenada is a full and participating member of both the caribbean community caricom and the organisation of eastern caribbean states oecs 7 the commonwealth edit grenada along with much of the caribbean region is a member of the commonwealth of nations the organisation primarily consists of former british colonies and focuses on fostering international relations between its members organization of american states oas edit grenada is one of the 35 states which has ratified the oas charter and is a member of the organization 85 86 grenada entered into the inter american system in 1975 according to the oas s website 87 double taxation relief caricom treaty edit on 6 july 1994 at sherbourne conference centre in st michael barbados george brizan signed the double taxation relief caricom treaty on behalf of the government of grenada 88 this treaty covered concepts such as taxes residence tax jurisdictions capital gains business profits interest dividends royalties and other areas citation needed fatca edit on 30 june 2014 grenada formally signed a model 1 agreement with the united states of america to enable the foreign account tax compliance act fatca 89 alba edit in december 2014 grenada joined bolivarian alliance for the peoples of our america alba as a full member prime minister mitchell said that the membership was a natural extension of the cooperation grenada has had over the years with both cuba and venezuela 90 military edit grenada has no standing military leaving typical military functions to the royal grenada police force rgpf and the royal grenada coast guard 7 the special services unit ssu of the rgpf is a paramilitary force with combat uniforms which participates in the regional security system rss a military defence body of the eastern caribbean who participated in the united states invasion of grenada in 1983 91 in 2019 grenada signed the un treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons 92 human rights edit in 2023 the country scored 89 out of 100 in the freedom ratings 93 lbgt rights edit main article lgbt rights in grenada homosexuality is illegal in grenada and punishable by imprisonment 94 economy edit main article economy of grenada grenada has a small economy in which tourism is the major foreign exchange earner 7 major short term concerns are the rising fiscal deficit and the deterioration in the external account balance grenada shares a common central bank and a common currency the east caribbean dollar with seven other members of the organisation of eastern caribbean states oecs 7 95 grenada has suffered from a heavy external debt problem with government debt service payments running at about 25 of total revenues in 2017 grenada was listed as ninth from bottom in a study of 126 developing countries 96 agriculture and exports edit opened nutmeg fruit showing the seed and the red aril used for mace grenada is an exporter of several different spices most notably nutmeg its top export and depicted on the national flag and mace 97 11 other major exports include bananas cocoa fruit and vegetables clothing chocolate and fish 7 nutmeg industry edit according to a case study released in november 2003 98 the nutmeg industry in grenada provided a major source of foreign exchange earnings to the country and acted as a livelihood for a significant portion of the population the majority of grenada nutmeg producers are small e g 74 2 of growers have sales volumes of 500 lbs per year accounting for 21 77 of total production only 3 3 of growers have sales over 2500 lbs per year accounting for 40 of the total output at the time the study was released the majority of the production of nutmeg from within grenada was derived from four companies grenada co operative nutmeg association gcna west india spices formerly w w spices renamed in 2011 following purchase by st bernard family re sold in 2015 and name maintained 99 noelville ltd de la grenada industries tourism edit tourist arrivals of 2024 in 100 tourism is the mainstay of grenada s economy 7 conventional beach and water sports tourism is largely focused in the southwest region around st george s the airport and the coastal strip ecotourism is growing in significance citation needed grenada has many beaches around its coastline including the 3 km 1 9 mi long grand anse beach in st george s often described as one of the best beaches in the world 101 grenada s many waterfalls are also popular with tourists the nearest to st george s is the annandale waterfalls others include mt carmel concord tufton hall and st margaret s also known as seven sisters 102 grand anse beach st george s several festivals also draw in tourists such as grenada s carnival spice mas in august 103 carriacou maroon and string band music festival in april 104 the annual budget marine spice island billfish tournament 105 the island water world sailing week 106 and the grenada sailing festival work boat regatta 107 transport edit main article transport in grenada air travel edit maurice bishop international airport is the country s main airport 7 connecting the country with other caribbean islands the united states canada and europe there is also an airport on carriacou called lauriston airport 23 buses edit a semi organized bus system exists on the island running 9 zones with a total of 44 routes 108 buses are privately owned high volume usually 17 passenger vehicles which display a large circled zone number sticker on the windshield of the vehicle and generally operate from about 8 am to 8 pm the cost per person per segment is 2 50 xcd eastern caribbean dollar and is paid to the conductor who usually sits in the first row of the main passenger space so they can open the sliding door or in the front passenger seat this conductor can be told where to stop or a stop can be requested by banging with a non ring wearing hand on the ceiling or wall of the vehicle it is not uncommon for a passing bus to honk at or for the conductor to yell out the window to a walking person to determine if there is interest in a ride citation needed a separate 3 zone route system exists on the grenada island of carriacou taxis edit taxis are available throughout the island and will display a taxi sticker on the windshield haylup a grenada developed ride sharing service similar to uber or lyft is also an available option for the main tourist areas of the island demographics edit main article demographics of grenada further information afro grenadians indo grenadians and list of cities in grenada a view of carriacou with other grenadine islands visible in the distance a majority of grenadians 82 are primarily descended from africans 7 23 few of the indigenous population remained after the french colonization of the island in the 17th century a small percentage of descendants of indentured workers from india were brought to grenada between 1857 and 1885 109 today grenadians of indian descent constitute 2 2 of the population 7 there is also a small community of french and english descendants 23 the rest of the population is of mixed descent 13 4 grenada like many of the caribbean islands is subject to a large amount of out migration with a large number of young people seeking more prospects abroad popular migration points for grenadians include more prosperous islands in the caribbean such as barbados north american cities such as new york city toronto and montreal and the united kingdom in particular london and yorkshire 110 languages edit english is the official language of grenada and is used in government parliament public administration and education 111 112 official writing and formal communication generally follow british english spelling conventions a legacy of its british colonial history 113 114 the standing orders of the house of representatives require parliamentary proceedings and debates to be conducted in english 112 the constitution of grenada requires candidates for the senate and house of representatives to be able to speak and read english with sufficient proficiency to participate in parliamentary proceedings under section 25 c qualifications for appointment as senator p 19 and section 30 c qualifications for membership of house of representatives p 22 112 standard english is the language of instruction in grenada s education system and is used in national examinations administered by the caribbean examinations council cxc 113 115 the cxc which administers the csec and cape examinations used in grenada states that english is the official language of instruction across its member states and that all examinations are conducted in english 116 this makes proficiency in standard english a requirement for academic certification and further study alongside standard english grenadian creole english is an english based creole variety used in informal communication unlike standard english it is primarily a spoken variety and is not commonly used in writing though it can be found in some literary works including novels and poetry formal writing education and official publications are conducted exclusively in standard english as an english lexifier creole its vocabulary and core structures stem primarily from english alongside historical african and european influences including french reflecting the island s colonial history 117 in everyday life people alternate between the two standard english is used for official formal settings such as government law school official media and formal public events while grenadian creole english is used for informal casual communication in addition to english and english based creole grenadian creole french locally called patois was historically spoken across the island following french settlement in 1649 following the british acquisition of grenada in 1763 english medium education and colonial administration gradually replaced french creole as the island s primary language over the 19th and 20th centuries today grenadian creole french is an endangered language that is barely spoken with only a very small number of elderly speakers remaining in rural northern communities and parts of carriacou 118 some hindustani terms are still spoken amongst the descendants of the indo grenadian community citation needed the indigenous languages were iñeri and karina carib citation needed religion edit religion in grenada 2011 estimate 119 protestantism 49 2 catholicism 36 0 jehovah s witnesses 1 20 rastafari 1 20 other incl afro american religions hinduism islam and judaism 5 50 none 5 70 unspecified 1 30 figures are 2011 estimates 119 protestants 49 2 includes pentecostals 17 2 seventh day adventists 13 2 anglicans 8 5 baptists 3 2 church of god 2 4 evangelicals 1 9 methodists 1 6 other 1 2 catholics 36 none 5 7 unspecified 1 3 jehovah s witnesses 1 2 rastafari 1 2 other incl afro american religions hinduism islam and judaism 5 5 in 2022 grenada was awarded a score of four out of four for religious freedom by the freedom house organization 93 education edit main article education in grenada education in grenada consists of kindergarten pre primary school primary school secondary school and tertiary education the government spent 10 3 of its budget on education in 2016 the third highest rate in the world 7 literacy rates are very high with 98 6 of the population being able to read and write 7 st george s university sgu is located in grenada specializing in medicine veterinary medicine public health and other health sciences founded in 1976 culture edit main article culture of grenada see also music of grenada a carnival in 1965 island culture is heavily influenced by the african roots of most of the grenadians coupled with the country s long experience of colonial rule under the british although french influence on grenadian culture is much less visible than in some other caribbean islands surnames and place names in french remain and the everyday language is laced with french words and the local creole or patois 7 stronger french influence is found in the well seasoned 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