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3 4 kabardian arabic alphabet 4 grammar 5 example 6 references toggle references subsection 6 1 notes 6 2 sources 7 external links toggle the table of contents kabardian language 78 languages аԥсшәа адыгабзэ afrikaans alemannisch العربية مصرى asturianu azərbaycanca تۆرکجه беларуская български brezhoneg català нохчийн čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français nordfriisk galego עברית fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce հայերեն bahasa indonesia гӏалгӏай medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 ქართული адыгэбзэ kumoring қазақша 한국어 къарачай малкъар kurdî коми кыргызча latina lietuvių latviešu олык марий македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی nederlands norsk nynorsk occitan ирон polski piemontèis português русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina svenska kiswahili ślůnski ไทย türkçe татарча tatarça удмурт українська اردو tiếng việt 吴语 მარგალური 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikifunctions wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia northwest caucasian language natively spoken by circassians kabardian kabardian circassian east circassian адыгэбзэ къэбэрдейбзэ adıǵebze keberdéybze آد ہگەبزە قەبەردەییبزە t he kabardian self designation ādəgăbză that is adyghe language written in the cyrillic script the abx latin script and the now defunct perso arabic variant pronunciation qɜbɜrˈdeːbzɜ qeberdieibze ⓘ native to north caucasus in parts of kabardino balkaria and karachay cherkessia region north caucasus circassia ethnicity circassians cherkesogai native speakers 1 9 million 2020 1 language family northwest caucasian circassian kabardian early forms proto northwest caucasian proto circassian proto kabardian dialects kabardian besleney writing system cyrillic script latin script perso arabic script official status official language in russia kabardino balkaria karachay cherkessia recognised minority language in jordan syria language codes iso 639 2 kbd iso 639 3 kbd glottolog kaba1278 kabardian is classified as vulnerable by the unesco atlas of the world s languages in danger 2 this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa part of a series on the circassians адыгэхэр circassia adyghe khabze circassians list of notable circassians circassian genocide circassian diaspora turkey egypt jordan israel libya syria germany united states saudi arabia iraq iran cyprus historical bulgaria historical kosovo historical romania historical circassian tribes surviving abzakhs besleney bzhedug chemguy hatuqay kabardian natukhaj shapsug ubykh destroyed or barely existing ademey chebsin guaye hakuch hytuk kheghache makhosh mamkhegh yegeruqway zhane religion religion in circassia islam christianity circassian paganism languages and dialects west circassian adyghe east circassian kabardian ubykh history show ancient maykop culture maeotians zygii medieval mongol invasion of circassia zichia inal the great modern circassia circassian slave trade russo circassian war national oath circassian revolution circassian majlis circassian genocide mountainous republic of the northern caucasus circassian union and mutual aid society contemporary republic of adygea republic of kabardino balkaria republic of karachay cherkessia shapsug national district until 1945 key battles battle of kanzhal battle of qbaada culture adyghe khabze circassian nationalism circassian flag circassian beauty circassian music circassian cuisine circassian mythology circassian day of mourning organizations circassian union and charity society historical international circassian association kaffed political parties pluralist democracy party adyghe hase v t e yinal speaking kabardian kabardian k ə ˈ b ɑːr d i ə n 3 a also known as east circassian and kabardian circassian is a northwest caucasian language spoken by the eastern subgroups of circassians 4 native to circassia in the caucasus it is official in kabardino balkaria and karachay cherkessia but is mostly spoken in the circassian diaspora kabardian is closely related to the adyghe or west circassian language 5 some reject the distinction between the two languages in favour of both being dialects of a unitary circassian language 5 6 despite phonological differences circassian languages are reciprocally intelligible 6 with speakers being able to communicate 4 7 while the self designation for both adyghe and kabardian is adyghe in linguistic and administrative terms adyghe refers specifically to the language of the western tribes of circassians while kabardian refers to the language of the two eastern tribes kabardians and besleney 4 ubykh abkhaz and abaza are more distantly related to kabardian 5 the language has 47 or 48 consonant phonemes of which 22 or 23 are fricatives depending upon whether one counts h as phonemic but it has only 3 phonemic vowels it is one of very few languages to possess a clear phonemic distinction between ejective affricates and ejective fricatives like all other northwest caucasian languages kabardian is an ergative language and has an extremely complex verbal system kabardian is written in a form of cyrillic and serves as the literary language for circassians in both kabardino balkaria where it is usually called the kabardian language and karachay cherkessia where it is called the cherkess language arabic and latin based writing systems have also been historically used for the language since 2004 the turkish broadcasting corporation trt has maintained a half an hour programme a week in the terek dialect of kabardian dialects edit main article proto kabardian language east circassian kabardian west kabardian kuban kuban zelenchuk cherkess central kabardian baksan basis for the literary language malka eastern kabardian terek mozdok north kabardian mulka zabardiqa 1925 until 1991 soviet zaparika baslaney dialect adyghe бэслъыныйбзэ phonology edit the phoneme written л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative ɮ mostly by the circassians of kabarda and cherkessia but many kabardians pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant l in diaspora 8 the series of labialized alveolar sibilant affricates and fricatives that exist in adyghe ʃʷʼ ʒʷ ʃʷ t͡sʷ became labiodental consonants fʼ v f v in kabardian for example the kabardian words мафӏэ maːfʼa fire зэвы zavə narrow фыз fəz wife and вакъэ vaːqa shoe are pronounced as машӏо maːʃʷʼa зэжъу zaʒʷə шъуз ʃʷəz and цуакъэ t͡sʷaːqa in adyghe kabardian has a labialized voiceless velar fricative xʷ which correspond to adyghe f for example the adyghe word тфы tfə ⓘ five is тху txʷə ⓘ in kabardian in the beslenei dialect there exists an alveolar lateral ejective affricate t͡ɬʼ which corresponds to ɬʼ in literary kabardian 9 the turkish kabardians uzunyayla and besleneys have a palatalized voiced velar stop ɡʲ and a palatalized velar ejective kʲʼ which corresponds to d͡ʒ and t͡ʃʼ in literary kabardian 8 10 consonants edit kabardian consonant system 11 labial alveolar post alveolar alveolo palatal velar uvular pharyngeal glottal median lateral plain lab pal plain lab plain lab nasal m м n н plosive ejective pʼ пӏ tʼ тӏ kʷʼ кӏу kʲʼ 1 кӏ voiceless p п t т k 2 к kʷ ку q къ qʷ къу ʔ ӏ ʔʷ ӏу voiced b б d д ɡ 2 г ɡʷ гу ɡʲ 1 дж affricate ejective t͡sʼ цӏ t͡ʃʼ кӏ voiceless t͡s ц t͡ʃ ч q͡χ кхъ q͡χʷ кхъу voiced d͡z дз d͡ʒ дж fricative ejective fʼ фӏ ɬʼ лӏ ɕʼ щӏ voiceless f ф s с ɬ лъ ʃ ш ɕ щ x х xʷ ху χ хъ χʷ хъу ħ хь voiced v в z з ɮ л ʒ ж ʑ жь ɣ г ʁ гъ ʁʷ гъу approximant l л j й w у trill r р in some kabardian dialects e g baslaney dialect uzunyayla dialect there is a palatalized voiced velar stop ɡʲ and a palatalized velar ejective kʲʼ that were merged with d͡ʒ and t͡ʃʼ in most kabardian dialects 12 for example the baslaney words гьанэ ɡʲaːna shirt and кӏьапсэ kʲʼaːpsa rope are pronounced in other kabardian dialects as джанэ d͡ʒaːna and кӏапсэ t͡ʃʼaːpsa consonants that exist only in borrowed words the glottalization of the ejective stops but not fricatives can be quite weak and has been reported to often be creaky voice that is to have laryngealized voicing something similar seems to have happened historically in the veinakh languages vowels edit kabardian has a vertical vowel system although many surface vowels appear they can be analyzed as consisting of at most the following three phonemic vowels ə a and aː 13 14 15 the following allophones of the short vowels ə a appear 16 17 feature description not preceding labialized cons preceding labialized cons ə a ə a high back after laterals palatalized palatovelars and j i e y ø round back after plain velars pharyngeals h ʔ ɨ ɑ ʉ ɒ round back after labialized palatovelars uvulars and laryngeals u o u o high back after other consonants ə æ according to kuipers 18 these symbols must be understood as each covering a wide range of sub variants for example i stands for a sound close to cardinal i in ji eight for a sound close to english ɪ in kit in the word x i sea etc in fact the short vowels which are found only after consonants have different variants after practically every series defined as to point of articulation and presence or absence of labialization or palatalization and the number of variants is multiplied by the influence of the consonant or zero that follows most of the long vowels appear as automatic variants of a sequence of short vowel and glide when it occurs in a single syllable 13 15 uː əw oː aw iː əj eː aj this leaves only the vowel aː kuipers claims that this can be analyzed as underlying ha when word initial and underlying ah elsewhere based on the following facts 19 h occurs only in the plural suffix ha which does not occur word initially aː is the only word initial vowel analyzing it as ha makes the language underlyingly universally consonant initial certain complications involving stress and morphophonemic alternations are dramatically simplified by these assumptions halle finds kuipers analysis exemplary 20 gordon and applebaum note this analysis but also note that some authors disagree and as a result prefer to maintain a phoneme aː 13 in a later section of his monograph kuipers also attempts to analyze the two vowels phonemes ə and a out of existence halle however 14 shows that this analysis is flawed as it requires the introduction of multiple new phonemes to carry the information formerly encoded by the two vowel phonemes the vowel o appears in some loan words it is often pronounced aw citation needed the diphthong aw is pronounced oː in some dialects əj may be realised as iː əw as uː and aj as eː this monophthongisation does not occur in all dialects citation needed the vowels a aː can have the semi vowel j in front of it citation needed orthography edit the official alphabet used for writing kabardian is the cyrillic alphabet including additional letters totalling 59 letters digraphs trigraphs and one tetragraph are counted as independent letters on their own the cyrillic alphabet in its current form has been the official alphabet since 1938 kabardian alphabet while having minor differences reflecting dialectical variations is very similar to orthography of the adyghe language the other prominent circassian language kabardian is also unofficially written and taught in latin in some diaspora communities especially in turkey where government backing of a latin based script has been a cause for controversy and opposition among kabardians who still overwhelmingly favor cyrillic 21 history edit nogma s arabic alphabet 1825 bekmurza pachev s arabic alphabet 1881 the latin alphabet for kabardian 1930 version 22 prior to the 19th century kabardian did not have a literary tradition yet and it did not have a native orthography at the time ottoman turkish was used as the literary language by circassians starting in the 1820s efforts at compiling and standardizing arabic based scripts were undertaken by various kabardian literaturists and by the early 1920s an officially adopted perso arabic based script was in widespread educational and literary use however in 1924 kabardian arabic alphabet was discarded and replaced with latin a second version of latin script was adopted in 1930 this lasted for another 6 years and in 1936 latin alphabet was discarded in favour of cyrillic kabardian cyrillic alphabet underwent an iteration of modification in 1938 and the 1938 version has been in popular and official use ever since 23 the first ever notable attempt at compiling an orthography for kabardian was conducted by famous kabardian poet sh nogma in 1825 his alphabet consisted of 42 letters including 15 letters introduced by him some of which had unusual forms diverging from the conventional rasm base of letters which are then used for addition of dots and diacritics his alphabet thus did not take hold 23 in 1830 in collaboration with russian philologist and orientalist gratsilevsky ru nogma developed a cyrillic based script for kabardian 23 in 1865 an alphabet book in a kabardian orthography similar to that of abkhaz was written by kazi atazhukin ru based on an orthography used by peter von uslar in 1862 24 it is as follows 25 а б в β г ӷ гᷱ д ҩ е ж з ӡ z һ і ј к қ л м н о п ԥ ԛ ԛᷱ р с ҫ т ҭ у ф х х̓ ц ш ղ ղᷱ ѵ over the decades the popularity in use of arabic derived script increased in 1881 the poet bekmurza pachev ru compiled a standardized perso arabic script for kabardian consisting of 39 letters he published various literature and wrote poetry in this version of the alphabet the arabic alphabet was gaining universal acceptance and increasing usage among kabardian circassians 23 in 1908 nuri tsagov compiled another iteration of the perso arabic alphabet better suited for all consonant and vowel phonemes of kabardian this version of the alphabet was widely accepted with many authors utilizing it to publish books and literature including a primer the alphabet gained official status in education and later also inspired the standardization of arabic based orthography for adyghe language by akhmetov bekukh 23 in line with the general linguistic policy of the soviet union at the time the existing perso arabic script was replaced with a newly developed kabardian latin alphabet in 1924 khuranov is credited for first compiling the first version of latin alphabet in may 1923 this version closely resembled the latin alphabet adopted for adyghe language in 1927 this alphabet consisted of many newly created letters some even borrowed from cyrillic another interesting feature of this iteration of adyghe latin alphabet was that there was no distinction between lower ca...
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