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in 1997 in the same year the australian ship austral leader began commercial fishing in the surrounding waters 31 32 33 the heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve was established in 2002 and was the world s largest marine protected area at the time 34 the establishment of a marine reserve had been proposed in 2000 as part of a report commissioned by the australian government and was intended to protect the territory s marine fauna and comply with australia s obligations under the convention on biological diversity 35 in october 2025 and january 2026 the australian antarctic division conducted voyages to heard island on rsv nuyina marking the first environmental management visits to the island in more than two decades the scientists conducted wildlife and vegetation surveys removed more than one tonne of waste and asbestos from the island and installed equipment to allow for remote monitoring of the ecosystem the visit provided scientists with confirmation that h5 bird flu had reached the island 36 37 human activity edit governance and administration edit satellite image of heard island the territory of heard island and mcdonald islands is one of seven australian external territories 38 the islands and the surrounding waters form an uninhabited strict nature reserve managed by the australian antarctic division part of the department of climate change energy the environment and water 39 40 unauthorised entry to the territory has been prohibited since may 2014 and all visitors to the islands are required to complete a training program and comply with quarantine procedures 41 42 despite these restrictions some unauthorised landings on the islands are known to have taken place while the frequency of these unauthorised visits is unknown they have been identified as a potential biosecurity risk to the territory 43 there have been just two recorded successful human landings on the mcdonald islands which took place in 1971 and 1980 41 44 the heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve was established in october 2002 and was expanded in 2014 and 2025 45 44 it now covers an area of about 380 000 square kilometres 150 000 sq mi and sits within the 410 722 square kilometre 158 581 sq mi australian exclusive economic zone eez that surrounds the islands 46 47 the australian parliament passed the heard island and mcdonald islands act in 1953 to establish a legal framework for the administration of the territory 44 this was followed by the 1987 heard island and mcdonald islands environment protection and management ordinance and then by the first heard island wilderness reserve management plan in 1995 45 33 the territory is governed by the non criminal laws of the australian capital territory and by the criminal laws of the jervis bay territory commonwealth laws apply to the territory only if it is explicitly included within their jurisdiction the governor general of australia is also able to issue ordinances for the administration of heard island and mcdonald islands under the heard island and mcdonald islands act 1953 48 the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 serves as the main legislative framework for the environmental conservation of the territory 49 in april 2025 a ten percent tariff was imposed on the territory by the administration of u s president donald trump this was attributed to erroneous data indicating that the united states had imported 1 4 million u s dollars in goods largely machinery and electrical imports from heard island and mcdonald islands in 2022 at the time of the tariff imposition there had been no known visits to the islands by humans in approximately ten years 50 51 52 53 maritime boundaries edit the territory of heard island and mcdonald islands includes a territorial sea extending to a radius of 12 nautical miles from the islands this is surrounded by an australian eez with a radius of 200 nautical miles which borders the french eez generated by the kerguelen islands to the north west 54 43 55 the heard island and mcdonald islands marine reserve which covers about 90 percent of the australian eez includes a marine sanctuary zone iucn 1a that encompasses the islands territorial seas and a portion of the eez waters to the north of the islands as well as a 140 000 square kilometre 54 000 sq mi national park zone iucn ii and a 170 000 square kilometre 66 000 sq mi habitat protection zone iucn iv 43 56 in 2012 australia proclaimed an extended continental shelf covering an area of 1 130 000 square kilometres 440 000 sq mi surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands thereby claiming exclusive rights to harvest its seabed resources 57 fishery edit while fishing is prohibited within the territorial waters of heard island and mcdonald islands commercial fishing takes place elsewhere within the surrounding eez 58 59 the heard island and mcdonald islands fishery is managed by the australian fisheries management authority afma which sets quotas on fishing catches and monitors compliance with the convention on the conservation of antarctic marine living resources the species targeted are the patagonian toothfish and the mackerel icefish 60 61 62 there are typically about 1 3 vessels harvesting patagonian toothfish primarily using longlines and about 2 5 vessels gathering mackerel icefish largely through trawl fishing each year two afma observers are required to be present on each vessel 63 64 bycatch of protected species has been identified as a possible threat to the sustainability of the heard island and mcdonald islands fishery 65 illegal fishing has historically been reported near the islands particularly by fishers targeting the valuable patagonian toothfish 59 66 in october 1997 a vessel was arrested for unlicensed fishing within the heard and mcdonald islands australian fishing zone for the first time that year it was estimated that up to 70 vessels may have been operating illegally in the region by 2004 eight vessels had been arrested near the islands with seven of those arrests involving the australian defence force 67 australian civilian and military vessels have conducted patrols in the waters surrounding the islands to deter and respond to illegal fishing 61 australia signed a treaty with france in 2003 to enable cooperation in surveilling and patrolling the waters around the islands as well as the nearby french territory of the kerguelen islands 68 69 since the mid 2000s illegal fishing has reportedly been eliminated from the waters surrounding the heard and mcdonald islands as of 2019 there had been no reports of illegal fishing activity since 2006 2007 70 71 72 structures and archaeology edit atlas cove featuring modified water tank shelters and ruins of the anare research station the first known human made structures on heard island were rudimentary shelters dug into the ground by sealers in the 1850s by the 1860s sealers had begun to build above ground shelters out of rocks the remains of which are still visible on the island a wooden hut may also have been constructed on the island by a shipwrecked party in the late 19th century 73 some sealers constructed rudimentary stone platforms on which to work while others modified lava caves to use as shelters 74 one of the first conventional structures erected on heard island was admiralty hut built in 1928 by the crew of the whaling ship kildalkey under commission by the british admiralty the hut has been degraded by the weather over time and is now in ruins 7 75 the remains of the research station occupied by anare expedition parties between 1947 and 1955 have largely been cleared from the site by the australian antarctic division with only the ruins of the recreation hut still standing 76 more recent expeditions have used temporary fibreglass shelters that were removed after use as well as modified water tanks 77 five of these modified water tank shelters remain at spit bay while two are present at atlas cove 78 the island contains various pieces of machinery and equipment that have been left by past research expeditions including the wreckage of a landing craft a bulldozer diesel generators fuel barrels and water tanks 79 wooden debris from the wreckage of sealing vessels can be found on the shores of the island 80 there are also various artefacts on the island left by sealers including try pots large pots used for processing blubber into seal oil and barrels 81 some of these sealing artefacts have been taken to australia and a blubber press from the island is now held by a museum 82 geography edit main article geography of the heard and mcdonald islands location and geography edit map of heard island and mcdonald islands heard island and the mcdonald islands lie in the southern indian ocean about 4100 kilometres 2500 mi south west of perth and 1700 kilometres 1100 mi north of antarctica 47 the closest land is the kerguelen islands a french external territory which are located about 450 kilometres 280 mi to the north west 5 47 the islands lie on the kerguelen plateau a large igneous province that covers an area of about 2 000 000 square kilometres 770 000 sq mi 83 the territory includes heard island shag islet and the mcdonald islands 41 the islands are considered one of the most isolated places on earth and contain the only active volcanoes in australian territory 27 84 85 86 heard island has an area of around 368 square kilometres 142 sq mi and is largely made up of a 2745 metre 9006 ft stratovolcano named big ben 5 47 87 with the exception of mountains in the australian antarctic territory a its summit mawson peak is the tallest peak on territory claimed by australia 1 the island contains a second volcanic cone with a height of 706 metres 2316 ft named mount dixon on the laurens peninsula on the western side of the island 83 89 its eastern side features a sand spit a narrow sandbar projecting into the sea named elephant spit 90 the island has a width of about 40 kilometres 25 mi from east to west and is largely covered by glaciers with about 70 percent of its land area permanently glaciated 47 83 it contains 15 wetland areas with areas of 5 145 hectares 12 358 acres as well as a number of lagoons formed by glacial melting these wetlands and lagoons have a total area of about 1860 hectares 4600 acres 43 91 92 various volcanic features including lava tube caves and cinder cones are present on the island 93 the mcdonald islands are a group of smaller volcanic islands located about 43 kilometres 27 mi to the west of heard island 83 the group includes three islands mcdonald island flat island and meyer rock 94 after a period of dormancy of around 75 000 years volcanic activity resumed on the islands during the 20th century with significant eruptions in 1992 and 1997 95 94 during the 1990s this volcanic activity caused the islands to grow and rise in elevation by nearly 100 metres 330 ft with the main island more than doubling in size and losing all of its vegetation 83 87 91 between 1994 and 2004 mcdonald island grew from about 1 square kilometre 0 39 sq mi to 2 5 square kilometres 0 97 sq mi and became joined to the nearby flat island by an isthmus 96 97 the eruptions also created a new volcanic cone several lava domes and pumice rafts 94 the island is surrounded by cliffs with heights of up to 230 metres 750 ft and has no permanent ice cover 10 96 98 formation and geology edit exposed section of drygalski formation rock on heard island heard island and the mcdonald islands lie on the kerguelen plateau a large igneous province rising up to 3 kilometres 1 9 mi above the surrounding ocean floor on the antarctic plate that began forming about 130 million years ago 99 100 volcanic activity caused by the kerguelen hotspot has created various islands rising above the ocean surface over time including heard island and the mcdonald islands 101 100 102 a 2016 study estimated that heard island began to develop about 22 million years ago during the early miocene period 103 the volcanic activity that formed big ben is believed to have occurred over the last 1 million years while mawson peak mount dixon and the lava cones on the island formed as recently as the last 10 000 years 104 105 106 the mcdonald islands are also volcanic in origin and are believed to have formed within roughly the last 100 000 years 107 rocks from heard island and the mcdonald islands form two distinct lava series the newer lavas on heard island are primarily basaltic while the lavas on the mcdonald islands are phonolitic the heard island lava series includes basalts trachybasalts and basanites while the mcdonald islands lava series is characterised by compounds of phonotephrite tephriphonolite and phonolite 108 heard island s basement is made up of white and pink limestone likely deposited about 45 50 million years ago during the paleogene period which remains visible on parts of the laurens peninsula 87 89 on top of the island s limestone basement sits the drygalski formation a layer of volcanic rock and sediment about 300 350 metres 980 1150 ft in thickness that formed around 9 million years ago 87 104 109 the drygalski formation forms a plateau with exposed layers of rock along the island s northern coast 105 volcanic activity on the island over the last million years has added another layer to the stratigraphy and created big ben and mount dixon which lie on top of the drygalski formation s flat eroded base 87 104 110 heard island includes two distinct lava series the lavas of big ben are primarily composed of alkali basalts trachybasalts and basanites while the lavas on the laurens peninsula feature a distinct isotopic signature and more basanitic and trachytic compounds 94 according to one study the distinct isotopic compositions of the lavas on heard island indicate that the mantle beneath the island contains traces of continental crust that were incorporated into the mantle sometime before the separation of the landmass gondwana 111 big ben edit main article big ben heard island big ben stratovolcano on heard island big ben is a volcanic massif that forms the majority of heard island s landmass 100 112 it has a plateau at a height of about 2285 metres 7497 ft which is topped by mawson peak an active volcanic cone 112 113 the plateau is believed to be the result of a sector collapse that occurred some time in roughly the last 40 000 years 87 114 the volcano has a diameter of about 18 20 kilometres 11 12 mi and a height of 2745 metres 9006 ft 5 a 2021 study estimated that the age of two samples of lava taken from the volcano was around 11 100 and 23 900 years the volcano has a relatively low average discharge rate of about 200 000 cubic metres of magma per year and forms part of one of the world s oldest plume systems 39 100 only three parties have successfully reached the summit of big ben the first ascent was made by the southern indian ocean expedition in 1965 the second by the anaconda expedition in 1983 and the third by the austr...
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