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ԥсшәа afrikaans العربية مصرى asturianu अवधी azərbaycanca bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български বাংলা bosanski català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ cebuano کوردی čeština чӑвашла cymraeg deutsch emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk gaeilge galego avañe ẽ עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული kabɩyɛ қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 kernowek кыргызча latina ລາວ lietuvių latviešu मगही malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu polski piemontèis پښتو português română русский русиньскый संस्कृतम् саха тыла سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça українська اردو tiếng việt 吴语 ייִדיש 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia standard doctrine or system of conduct several terms redirect here for other uses see morality disambiguation and the immoralist not to be confused with mortality morale molarity or molality for the philosophical study of morality see ethics morality may be observed in many prosocial or eusocial animals adélie penguins caring for their youths communally in a crèche on the south orkneys morality is a phenomenon among social animals including humans through which communities and individuals evaluate actions character and social arrangements 1 2 3 it often refers to a set of standards doctrines or systems of conduct that evaluate actions and character traits using criteria that vary across individuals societies social classes public opinion religions cultures customs and traditions these evaluations often include rightness or wrongness virtues or vices honesty or cruelty honor or disgrace filial piety community harmony purity reciprocity shame the influence of a person s inner beliefs and propriety or impropriety of relationships between oneself and others 1 morality involves evaluative judgments about agents and actions 4 and assessments of actions as moral or immoral behavior 5 cross species and cross cultural research suggests that attention to moral sentiments exists in all human societies and that moral sentiments are part of cultural universals some studies further indicate that behaviors related to morality such as honesty helpfulness tolerance loyalty responsibility social justice equality family and national security stability of social order gratitude and the like are part of universal values that is these behaviors may be virtues universally recognized by all societies the ethical position advocating such principles is called moral universalism a however the philosophy of moral relativism opposes universal moral principles holding that no universal morality exists immorality is the violation of morality nihilism is the active viewpoint that opposes or rejects morality as a concept while amorality is variously defined as an unawareness of indifference toward or disbelief in any particular set of moral standards or principles 8 9 etymology edit the english word morality derives from the latin noun mōs genitive mōris meaning manner character proper behavior particularly in its plural form mōrēs 10 the term passed into late latin as mōrālitās manner character which was borrowed into old french as moralité it entered middle english around 1375 first attested in the works of geoffrey chaucer as moralite initially meaning moral qualities or virtuous conduct before taking on the broader sense of a system of ethical duties by the mid 15th century 11 the latin root mōs is itself of uncertain origin but it has been hypothesized to derive from a proto indo european root meh to intend or to measure which is also the source of the english word mood and the ancient greek verb μαίομαι maíomai to strive the latin adjective mōrālis pertaining to manners was coined by cicero as a translation of the greek term ēthiko 12 definition edit some view that morality is the distinction between intentions decisions and actions of outstanding individuals as being right or wrong along with the related conceptual norms 13 morality can be a set of standards or principles derived from the codes of conduct of a particular philosophy religion or culture or it can derive from universal values that an individual believes in 14 according to another conceptualization morality is an informal public mechanism informal meaning that there is no law or authority that can determine its correctness and public mechanism meaning a set of norms applicable in all situations 15 in contrast others say that by establishing certain standards of good and evil and rules of conduct morality constrains people s interactions and individual actions regulates social relations and together with law helps ensure the normal order of social life it runs through all aspects of social life such as public morality family and marriage ethics and professional ethics ethics as moral philosophy edit the examples and perspectives in this section deal primarily with western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject the specific issue is the article relies almost exclusively on western philosophers kant aristotle hume haidt kohlberg and western academic frameworks non western traditions confucian ethics hindu dharma indigenous moral systems african ubuntu are absent or relegated to a single religion section add subsections on moral philosophy from asia africa and the americas include sources like confucius analects the bhagavad gita and contemporary non western ethicists you may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate august 2026 learn how and when to remove this message main article ethics see also history of ethics and evolution of morality ethics also known as moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy which addresses questions of morality the word ethics is commonly used interchangeably with morality and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition group or individual 16 likewise certain types of ethical theories especially deontological ethics sometimes distinguish between ethics and morality immanuel kant introduced the categorical imperative act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law philosopher simon blackburn writes although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing there is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of immanuel kant based on notions such as duty obligation and principles of conduct reserving ethics for the more aristotelian approach to practical reasoning based on the notion of a virtue and generally avoiding the separation of moral considerations from other practical considerations 17 descriptive and normative ethics edit this section may lend undue weight to descriptive ethics at the expense of normative ethics the specific problem is the article defines both descriptive and normative morality but then devotes nearly all its length to descriptive morality how people do behave evolution cultural differences neuroscience normative questions what actually is right or wrong are barely addressed beyond the short realism and anti realism section add a substantive normative section discussing major normative theories consequentialism deontology virtue ethics with examples and explain how normative ethics differs from descriptive moral anthropology relevant discussion may be found on the talk page please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualises different points of view may 2026 learn how and when to remove this message in its descriptive sense morality refers to personal or cultural values codes of conduct or social mores that are observed to be accepted by a significant number of individuals not necessarily all in a society it does not connote objective claims of right or wrong but only refers to claims of right and wrong that are seen to be made and to conflicts between different claims made descriptive ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense 18 in its normative sense morality refers to whatever if anything is actually right or wrong which may be independent of the values or mores held by any particular peoples or cultures normative ethics is the branch of philosophy which studies morality in this sense 18 realism and anti realism edit philosophical theories on the nature and origins of morality that is theories of meta ethics are broadly divided into two classes moral realism is the class of theories that hold that there are true moral statements that report objective moral facts for example while they might concede that forces of social conformity significantly shape individuals moral decisions they deny that those cultural norms and customs define morally right behavior this may be the philosophical view propounded by ethical naturalists but not all moral realists accept that position e g ethical non naturalists 19 moral anti realism on the other hand holds that moral statements either fail or do not even attempt to report objective moral facts instead they hold that moral sentences are either categorically false claims of objective moral facts error theory claims about subjective attitudes rather than objective facts ethical subjectivism or else do not attempt to describe the world at all but rather something else like an expression of an emotion or the issuance of a command non cognitivism some forms of non cognitivism and ethical subjectivism while considered anti realist in the robust sense used here are considered realist in the sense synonymous with moral universalism for example universal prescriptivism is a universalist form of non cognitivism which claims that morality is derived from reasoning about implied imperatives and divine command theory and ideal observer theory are universalist forms of ethical subjectivism which claim that morality is derived from the edicts of a god or the hypothetical decrees of a perfectly rational being respectively anthropology edit morality with practical reasoning edit practical reason is necessary for moral agency but it is not a sufficient condition for moral agency 20 real life issues that need solutions do need both rationality and emotion to be sufficiently moral one uses rationality as a pathway to the ultimate decision but the environment and emotions towards the environment at the moment must be a factor for the result to be truly moral as morality is subject to culture some philosophers argue that moral acceptability is determined entirely by cultural acceptance while others contend that universal moral truths exist independently of any culture s beliefs both practical reason and relevant emotional factors are acknowledged as significant in determining the morality of a decision 21 tribal and territorial edit celia green made a distinction between tribal and territorial morality 22 she characterizes the latter as predominantly negative and proscriptive it defines a person s territory including their property and dependents which is not to be damaged or interfered with apart from these proscriptions territorial morality is permissive allowing the individual whatever behaviour that does not interfere with the territory of another by contrast tribal morality is prescriptive imposing the norms of the collective on the individual these norms will be arbitrary culturally dependent and flexible whereas territorial morality aims at rules which are universal and absolute such as kant s categorical imperative and geisler s graded absolutism green relates the development of territorial morality to the rise of the concept of private property and the ascendancy of contract over status in group and out group edit main article in group and out group some observers hold that individuals apply distinct sets of moral rules to people depending on their membership of an in group the individual and those they believe to be of the same group or an out group people not entitled to be treated according to the same rules some biologists anthropologists and evolutionary psychologists believe this in group out group discrimination has evolved because it enhances group survival this belief has been confirmed by simple computational models of evolution 23 in simulations this discrimination can result in both unexpected cooperation towards the in group and irrational hostility towards the out group 24 gary r johnson and v s falger have argued that nationalism and patriotism are forms of this in group out group boundary jonathan haidt has noted 25 that experimental observation indicating an in group criterion provides one moral foundation substantially used by conservatives but far less so by liberals in group preference is also helpful at the individual level for the passing on of one s genes for example a mother who favors her own children more highly than the children of other people will give greater resources to her children than she will to strangers thus heightening her children s chances of survival and her own genes chances of being perpetuated due to this within a population there is substantial selection pressure exerted toward this kind of self interest such that eventually all parents wind up favoring their own children the in group over other children the out group comparing cultures edit peterson and seligman taking an anthropological view look across cultures and geo cultural areas and across millennia 26 they conclude that certain virtues have prevailed in all cultures they examined the major virtues they identified include wisdom knowledge courage humanity justice temperance and transcendence each of these include several divisions for instance humanity includes love kindness and social intelligence others theorize that morality is not always absolute contending that moral issues often differ along cultural lines a 2014 pew research study among several nations illuminates significant cultural differences among issues commonly related to morality including divorce extramarital affairs homosexuality gambling abortion alcohol use contraceptive use and premarital sex each of the 40 countries in this study has a range of percentages according to what percentage of each country believes the common moral issues are acceptable unacceptable or not moral issues at all eac...
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