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altepetl wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 mesoamerican politics 2 examples 3 references 4 further reading toggle the table of contents altepetl 20 languages boarisch esperanto español français bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 मराठी nāhuatl nederlands nawat português română русский српски srpski svenska українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia city states in pre columbian mesoamerica glyphs representing texcoco tenochtitlan and tlacopan the three primary altepetl of the aztec empire aztec civilization aztec empire tenochtitlan tetzcoco tlacopan aztec society nahuatl language religion mythology philosophy calendar medicine use of entheogens human sacrifice tenochtitlan templo mayor aztec history aztlán warfare codices aztec script aztec empire tlaxcallan spanish conquest of the aztec empire moctezuma ii fall of tenochtitlan v t e the altepetl classical nahuatl āltepētl aːɬ ˈte peːt͡ɬ ⓘ plural altepeme 1 or altepemeh aːɬ ˈte ˈpeːme h was the local ethnically based political entity usually translated into english as city state of pre columbian nahuatl speaking societies 2 in the americas the altepetl was composed of smaller units known as calpolli and was typically led by a single dynastic ruler known as a tlatoani although examples of shared rule between up to five rulers are known 3 each altepetl had its own jurisdiction origin story and served as the center of indigenous identity 4 residents referred to themselves by the name of their altepetl rather than for instance as mexicas 5 altepetl was a polyvalent term rooting the social and political order in the creative powers of a sacred mountain that contained the ancestors seeds and life giving forces of the community 6 the word is a combination of the nahuatl words ātl meaning water and tepētl meaning mountain a characteristic nahua mode was to imagine the totality of the people of a region or of the world as a collection of altepetl units and to speak of them on those terms 7 36 the concept is comparable to maya cah and mixtec ñuu altepeme formed a vast complex network which predated and outlasted larger empires such as the aztec and tarascan state 4 established altepeme were characterized by a central temple dedicated to a patron god particular to the identity of the altepetl and a central market altepeme were typically multiethnic and communal cohesion was often maintained through territorial exclusiveness 3 mesoamerican politics edit local rulers of altepeme generally retained their authority over taxation and land distribution while under the indirect rule of an empire in exchange for their submission participation in military campaigns and tribute payments however starting with moctezuma ilhuicamina i in the 1440s aztec imperialist efforts over the altepetl deepened by removing the powers of taxation from local rulers and replacing non compliant rulers with military governors these heightened pressures produced unstable conditions in mesoamerica in which altepetl frequently rebelled by withholding tributes and pursuing secession cuauhnahuac a major altepetl of the southern aztec empire rebelled on three occasions the aztecs responded with intense violence which only fueled more violence in response 4 at the time of spanish invasion in 1519 the aztec empire alone consisted of approximately 450 altepeme the spanish recognized and exploited the preexisting political divisions among the various altepeme and the aztecs inciting dissident city states to rebel no super altepetl identity existed to unite against the spanish the totonacs of cempoala were among the first to ally with the spanish having only recently been brought under aztec control after many years of resistance the tlaxcaltec of tlaxcala initially resisted the spanish but soon joined the conquest effort as a crucial ally against the aztec empire after the fall of tenōchtitlan in 1521 the spanish increasingly demanded that altepetl rulers publicly destroy their figures of deities referred to as idols by the spanish and whitewash temple walls while destroying idols had represented a transfer of sovereignty and tributes to the conquering power in mesoamerican politics with the invasion of the spanish indigenous peoples soon realized that in the spanish context it implied a far more sweeping cosmic transformation 4 an illustration of the destruction of indigenous codices by franciscan friars by diego muñoz camargo 1585 from the inception of contact between the altepetl and the spanish conquistadors submission to christianity was non negotiable as described by historian ryan dominic crewe the spanish offered two clear options accept christianity and be saved in this world and in the next or resist it and face damnation in both prior to the fall of tenōchtitlan the spanish could not force compliance because of their heavy dependency on those whom they were admonishing conquistador bernal diaz del castillo wrote that more often than not hungry spanish soldiers would read their protocol and then promptly settle into a meal prepared by those they had just admonished after the fall of tenōchtitlan the balance of power shifted heavily in favor of the spanish who forced christianization upon the various altepeme 4 as it became clear to each altepetl that the spanish were in mesoamerica to stay they quickly learned to use conversion as a means of gaining political capital by 1523 nobles in tenōchtitlan had requested baptisms and provided them with properties for their monasteries and churches to assure themselves a place within the new colonial order matlatzinca and otomi peoples in the valley of toluca as well as mixtecs in oaxaca used baptisms as a means of reclaiming local authority after years of mexica imperialism in the face of spanish rule throughout the 1520s and 1530s altepeme retained their autonomy through christianization and local rulers now adopted new spanish christian names the names of local elite began to echo those of the men who were turning out to be their overlords rather than their liberators 4 spanish missionaries imposed forms of symbolic and physical violence in the altepetl in order to erect a new universe of meaning for indigenous peoples a coordinated assault was launched by missionaries and conquistadors on indigenous priests and adherents on january 1 1525 which resulted in the destruction of the main temples in tenōchtitlan texcoco and tlaxcala including the temple of huītzilōpōchtli which housed the archives of texcoco this wave of violence initiated by the spanish missionaries emanated outward throughout what would soon become new spain a letter written by christianized indigenous nobles to the spanish crown in 1560 records that people of many altepetl were forced and tortured or were hanged or burned because they did not want to relinquish idolatry and unwillingly received the gospel and faith 8 it further stated that it was the friars good deed they added to teach us to despise destroy and burn the stones and wood that we worshiped as gods 8 as described by historian ryan dominic crewe friars proudly reported the destruction using biblical scales twenty thousand idols smashed by a single friar in a day thousands of local deities delivered to the flames or five hundred major temples dismantled in just five years 9 examples edit azcapotzalco cempoala chalco cholula coixtlahuaca colhuacan cuauhnahuac huexotzingo tenōchtitlan texcoco tlatelolco tlaxcala toluca xochimilco yanhuitlán references edit licate jack anthony 1981 creation of a mexican landscape territorial organization and settlement in the eastern puebla basin 1520 1605 university of chicago isbn 9780890651070 smith 1997 p 37 1 2 seiferle valencia ann clair 2007 cave city and eagle s nest an interpretive journey through the mapa de cuauhtinchan no 2 volume 2 university of new mexico press p 82 isbn 9780826342836 1 2 3 4 5 6 crewe ryan dominic 2019 the mexican mission indigenous reconstruction and mendicant enterprise in new spain 1521 1600 cambridge university press pp 56 70 isbn 9781108492546 mundy barbara e 2012 geography and ethnography perceptions of the world in pre modern societies john wiley sons p 245 isbn 9781118589847 noguez xavier 2001 altepetl in carrasco david ed the oxford encyclopedia of mesoamerican cultures the civilizations of mexico and central america vol 1 oxford university press pp 12 13 isbn 0 19 510815 9 oclc 44019111 sousa lisa poole stafford lockhart james eds 1998 the story of guadalupe luis laso de la vega s huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649 ucla latin american studies vol 84 nahuatl studies series no 5 stanford university press ucla latin american center publications isbn 0 8047 3482 8 oclc 39455844 1 2 crewe ryan dominic 2019 the mexican mission indigenous reconstruction and mendicant enterprise in new spain 1521 1600 cambridge university press p 69 isbn 9781108492546 crewe ryan dominic 2019 the mexican mission indigenous reconstruction and mendicant enterprise in new spain 1521 1600 cambridge university press p 72 isbn 9781108492546 further reading edit mesoamerica portal garcía martínez bernardo 2001 community kingdoms central mexico nahua in carrasco david ed the oxford encyclopedia of mesoamerican cultures the civilizations of mexico and central america vol 1 oxford university press pp 238 239 isbn 0 19 510815 9 oclc 44019111 gibson charles 1983 1964 the aztecs under spanish rule a history of the indians of the valley of mexico 1519 1810 stanford university press isbn 0 8047 0912 2 oclc 9359010 lockhart james 1996 1992 the nahuas after the conquest a social and cultural history of the indians of central mexico sixteenth through eighteenth centuries stanford university press isbn 0 8047 2317 6 oclc 24283718 noguez xavier 2001 altepetl in david carrasco ed the oxford encyclopedia of mesoamerican cultures the civilizations of mexico and central america vol 1 oxford university press pp 12 13 isbn 0 19 510815 9 oclc 44019111 sousa lisa poole stafford lockhart james eds 1998 the story of guadalupe luis laso de la vega s huei tlamahuiçoltica of 1649 ucla latin american studies vol 84 nahuatl studies series no 5 stanford university press ucla latin american center publications isbn 0 8047 3482 8 oclc 39455844 smith michael 1997 the aztecs malden massachusetts blackwell publishing isbn 0 631 23015 7 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title altepetl oldid 1367994110 categories altepetl aztec society valley of mexico hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles containing classical nahuatl language text pages using the phonos extension pages with classical nahuatl ipa pages including recorded pronunciations articles containing yucatec maya language text this page was last edited on 6 august 2026 at 12 04 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct 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