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54 and 1997 2005 98 140 climate change is believed to be the main driver of glacier retreat on the island although volcanic activity has also been suggested as a potential contributing factor 141 142 143 climate change has also led to significant changes in the island s vegetation due to the creation of new ice free land lagoons and lakes 144 biodiversity edit king penguin colony on heard island due to the territory s remoteness scientific surveys of the heard and mcdonald islands are infrequent and there is limited recent data on the islands biodiversity 43 about 300 species are known to be present on heard island although it is likely that there are others that have not yet been recorded 145 heard island and the mcdonald islands are the only sub antarctic islands that are not home to any species known to have been directly introduced by humans 39 96 b various non native animal species have been brought onto heard island by humans in the past including dogs sheep and at least one rat but none have established a presence on the island 24 146 the islands have relatively low species diversity 43 95 a 2021 study projected that climate change would cause the populations of penguins flying birds and seals on the island to decline the population of toothfish in the surrounding waters was projected to fall by 20 60 percent while the population of mackerel icefish was projected to fall by 20 percent 147 flora edit azorella selago and pringlea antiscorbutica on heard island lichens on a rock on heard island the majority of the plant species on heard island are non flowering plants including bryophytes a division of plants that includes liverworts and mosses and lichens at least 62 species of bryophyte and 90 species of lichen have been recorded on the island there are just 12 species of vascular plants on heard island 5 of which have also been recorded on mcdonald island 44 148 about 20 square kilometres 7 7 sq mi or 5 percent of the island is covered by vegetation mostly in low lying coastal areas with elevations of less than 300 metres 980 ft 44 149 150 the antarctic ecologists dana bergstrom and patricia selkirk have compared heard island to an archipelago of distinct vegetation communities separated by ice 151 researchers studying plant microfossils on heard island have suggested that several species of plant including ferns a podocarp and a small herb were present on the island between the late eocene and early pliocene periods volcanic activity over the last million years disrupted many of these early plant communities and during colder periods in the pleistocene epoch many plant species disappeared from heard island 152 today the level of vegetation on the island is increasing due to glacier retreat which is making new land available for plant colonisation 153 154 vegetation remains absent from some areas due to high levels of nitrogen ammonia and other compounds deposited by the island s large colonies of seabirds 155 the most prevalent vegetation on the island is azorella selago a species of cushion plant 44 156 the majority of the other vascular plants on the island are small herbs and grasses with the exception of pringlea antiscorbutica known as kerguelen cabbage the island does not contain any trees or shrubs 10 144 pringlea antiscorbutica is present largely on gravel and sandy areas with high moisture and drainage particularly on moraines 157 the island s grasses include poa cookii a small tussock grass as well as tufts of poa kerguelensis 158 the island s wetlands are characterised by the presence of the herb callitriche antarctica 159 a non native grass poa annua has significantly expanded its presence on the island including on formerly glaciated land this expansion has led to fears of potential displacement of native plants 43 160 the moss species present on heard island are relatively uniformly distributed across the island 161 the most widespread mosses on heard island are species of dicranoweisia while other common mosses include polytrichastrum alpinum racomitrium crispulum ditrichum immersum and pedinophyllopsis abdita 162 163 164 salt tolerant plants particularly the moss muelleriella crassifolia are prevalent in coastal areas exposed to sea spray and many of the rocks on heard island are covered in lichens 165 166 as of 2008 90 lichen species had been identified on heard island nine of which had not previously been recorded elsewhere 167 148 fauna edit birds edit see also list of birds of heard and mcdonald islands the heard island cormorant is unique to heard island fifteen flying seabird species are known to breed on heard island and at least fifteen others have been recorded visiting the island 44 168 the species that breed on heard island include three species of albatross and seven species of petrel 46 the territory is visited by four endangered seabird species the northern royal albatross the amsterdam albatross the tristan albatross and the grey headed albatross and eight vulnerable species the southern royal albatross the sooty albatross the indian yellow nosed albatross the campbell albatross the white capped albatross the northern giant petrel the blue petrel and the soft plumaged petrel 46 the most abundant flying birds are petrels while several species of albatross including the wandering albatross have a presence on the island 168 there are two types of seabird found only on the island the heard island cormorant and the heard island sheathbill a subspecies of black faced sheathbill 44 the population of heard island cormorants has been estimated at around 1000 pairs 169 four species of penguin breed on heard island the macaroni penguin gentoo penguin king penguin and eastern rockhopper penguin 44 168 four other penguin species have been recorded visiting the islands 170 there have been reports of possible emperor penguin sightings on heard island although none have been confirmed 171 the population of king penguins has risen exponentially from a small number of breeding pairs in 1947 to more than 100 000 pairs in 2004 172 heard island and the mcdonald islands contain about 21 percent of the world s macaroni penguins with around 1 million breeding pairs 173 a 1992 study estimated that the islands contained about 16 600 pairs of gentoo penguins or around 6 percent of the world s total and at least 1000 pairs of rockhopper penguins 43 174 the four species of breeding penguin on heard island gentoo penguin eastern rockhopper penguin king penguin macaroni penguin mammals edit see also list of mammals of heard island and mcdonald islands elephant seals on heard island there are 26 species of marine mammals in the heard island and mcdonald islands region 46 these include 17 species of cetacean the most common of which are fin whales antarctic minke whales hourglass dolphins and long finned pilot whales 175 three species of seal breed on heard island the southern elephant seal and the antarctic fur seal breed in significant numbers while the sub antarctic fur seal has occasionally been seen breeding on the island four other species of seal leopard seals weddell seals crabeater seals and ross seals have been recorded visiting the island 44 168 176 southern elephant seals are the most common mammal species on heard island 84 a 1999 study estimated that the population declined by 50 percent between 1949 and 1985 possibly due to a decline in sea ice but that it had since stabilised 177 the population of southern elephant seals was estimated at around 14 000 in 1992 which was equivalent to about 30 percent of the total population in the indian ocean region 178 179 fur seals were likely nearly or completely eradicated from the island by sealers in the 19th century but recovered to a total population of about 4500 seals by the 1980s a population survey in 2000 2001 found that the antarctic fur seal population reached a peak nearly 30 000 around the end of february including a large number of visiting male seals and that the population was increasing at an annual rate of about 10 percent 180 181 the same survey recorded a small handful of sub antarctic fur seals one of which had given birth on the island 182 another survey conducted three years later found that the population of antarctic fur seals on the island numbered in the thousands and was growing at an annual rate of 12 20 percent 179 during the summer of 2025 26 influenza a virus subtype h5n1 was found in elephant seals on heard island it is normal for around 50 of elephant seal pups to die but there was increased pup deaths in 2025 26 no necropsies were performed on the bodies of deal seals so cause of death can t be determined the bird flu virus was believed to have reached the island in august 2025 and also caused elevated mortality in king and gentoo penguins fish edit ninety species of fish from thirty eight families have been recorded in the eez surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands notothenoid fishes including those in the families nototheniidae channichthyidae bathydraconidae and harpagiferidae make up the largest number of these species the region s shallow waters and banks are home to large populations of notothenoid fishes while its deeper waters contain a greater abundance of grenadiers and lanternfishes including krefftichthys anderssoni and electrona antarctica the region is home to at least seven species of chondrichthyans a class that includes sharks rays and skates its largest fish is the southern sleeper shark 183 184 a 1983 study identified nine fish species in the waters nearest to the shores of heard island and the mcdonald islands with the coastal fish population dominated by notothenia coriiceps coriiceps and channichthys rhinoceratus 185 the patagonian toothfish is prevalent in the waters surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands and is the primary species targeted by commercial fishers with five fishing vessels harvesting a collective maximum quota of 3000 tons in the 2021 2022 season 186 187 the toothfish population surrounding heard island and mcdonald islands is genetically distinct from the populations in the vicinity of macquarie island and south georgia and does not typically migrate far from the islands although toothfish tagged in the australian eez have occasionally been recaptured in the nearby french eez surrounding the kerguelen islands 188 189 the region s shallow waters with depths of less than 500 metres 1600 ft are home to a greater number of smaller juvenile toothfish while its deeper waters contain higher densities of older and larger fish 190 191 the population of toothfish in the heard island and mcdonald islands eez is declining spawning stock biomass was estimated at 45 percent of pre exploitation levels in 2023 below a management target of 50 percent 192 invertebrates edit there are at least 127 known species of invertebrates on heard island including 33 species of insects 168 the island is home to very few flying insects 193 the islands support three acalypterate flightless fly species anatalanta aptera calycopteryx moseleyi and amalopteryx maritima as well as at least one species of midge from the genus telmatogeton 194 due to the harsh climate the insect population declines by more than 95 percent from its summer peak each winter 168 one species of spider myro kerguelensis is found on heard island 195 the islands are also home to at least 10 species of springtails one species of thrips 19 species of lice and 52 species of mites 193 196 197 the invertebrates found in bodies of fresh water on heard island include at least 26 species of rotifer 2 species of gastrotrich 2 species of tardigrade and 1 species each of annelid and flatworm 197 three of the invertebrate species found on heard island are not native the worm dendrodrilus rubidus the thrips apterothrips apteris and the mite tyrophagus putrescentiae 43 notes edit while australia claims sovereignty over the australian antarctic territory its claim is recognised by just four other nations 88 the islands are home to one non native plant species poa annua which is believed to have been naturally introduced from the kerguelen islands by seabirds 144 43 references edit citations edit 1 2 3 4 5 mills william james 2003 heard island exploring polar frontiers a historical encyclopedia bloomsbury publishing pp 290 291 isbn 1 57607 422 6 mcgowan 2000 pp 61 62 1 2 budd 2007 p 99 1 2 everything you need to know about australia s heard and mcdonald islands csiro 13 january 2016 archived from the original on 25 march 2026 retrieved 17 may 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mcivor 2007 p 7 quilty wheller 2000 pp 1 2 1 2 mcgowan 2000 p 62 hughes lazer 2000 p 71 1 2 3 budd 2007 p 100 1 2 3 valentine 2023 p 115 1 2 3 4 schmieder 2023 p 85 budd 2000 p 47 kerr 2009 p 248 beck 1983 p 480 kerr 2009 p 249 1 2 schmieder 2023 pp 8 98 budd 2007 pp 100 101 budd 2007 p 101 kerr 2009 pp 247 252 kerr 2009 p 253 budd 2007 pp 103 104 budd 2007 p 104 schmieder 2023 p 118 1 2 hughes lazer 2000 p 72 budd 2007 p 114 schmieder 2023 pp 85 119 1 2 whinam shaw 2018 p 153 schmieder 2023 p 133 baird 2004 p 91 schmieder 2023 p 132 constable et al 2024 p 71 quilty wheller 2000 p 1 1 2 welsford constable nowara 2011 p 298 welsford constable nowara 2011 p 297 welsford constable nowara 2011 pp 298 300 australian antarctic program completes landmark heard island and mcdonald islands campaign australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 13 march 2026 archived from the original on 17 may 2026 retrieved 18 april 2026 australian antarctic program heads to heard island australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 4 august 2025 retrieved 18 april 2026 carney 2006 p 459 1 2 3 heard and mcdonald islands world heritage centre unesco archived from the original on 29 october 2023 retrieved 1 april 2026 heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 13 march 2026 archived from the original on 25 march 2026 retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 3 heard island and mcdonald islands the europa world year book 2018 vol 1 59 ed routledge 2018 p 702 isbn 978 1 85743 934 2 schmieder 2023 pp 748 750 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 heard and mcdonald islands 2025 conservation outlook assessment world heritage outlook iucn 11 october 2025 retrieved 16 april 2026 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 mcivor 2007 p 9 1 2 protection and management heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 3 july 2024 retrieved 1 april 2026 1 2 3 4 constable et al 2024 p 7 1 2 3 4 5 location and geography heard island and mcdonald islands australian antarctic program department of climate change energy the environment and water 19 december 2024 retrieved 1 april 2026 carney 2006 p 485 constable et al 2024 p 91 lyons kate evershed nick 3 april 2025 nowhere on earth is safe trump imposes tariffs on 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