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f aliens visit us the outcome would be much as when columbus landed in america which didn t turn out well for the native americans 229 hawking warned that superintelligent artificial intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity s fate stating that the potential benefits are huge success in creating ai would be the biggest event in human history it might also be the last unless we learn how to avoid the risks 230 231 he feared that an extremely intelligent future ai will probably develop a drive to survive and acquire more resources as a step toward accomplishing whatever goal it has and that the real risk with ai isn t malice but competence a super intelligent ai will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals and if those goals aren t aligned with ours we re in trouble 232 he also considered that the enormous wealth generated by machines needs to be redistributed to prevent exacerbated economic inequality 232 hawking was concerned about the future emergence of a race of superhumans that would be able to design their own evolution 219 and as well argued that computer viruses in today s world should be considered a new form of life stating that maybe it says something about human nature that the only form of life we have created so far is purely destructive talk about creating life in our own image 233 religion and atheism hawking did not rule out the existence of god writing in a brief history of time is the unified theory so compelling that it brings about its own existence 234 also stating if we discover a complete theory it would be the ultimate triumph of human reason for then we should know the mind of god 235 in his early work hawking spoke of god in a metaphorical sense in the same book he suggested that the existence of god was not necessary to explain the origin of the universe later discussions with neil turok led to the realisation that the existence of god was also compatible with an open universe 236 he said all my work has shown is that you don t have to say that the way the universe began was the personal whim of god but you still have the question why does the universe bother to exist if you like you can define god as the answer to that question 33 hawking was an atheist 237 238 in a 2011 interview hawking regarded the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail and the concept of an afterlife as a fairy story for people afraid of the dark 239 235 in 2011 narrating the first episode of the american television series curiosity on the discovery channel hawking declared we are each free to believe what we want and it is my view that the simplest explanation is there is no god no one created the universe and no one directs our fate this leads me to a profound realisation there is probably no heaven and no afterlife either we have this one life to appreciate the grand design of the universe and for that i am extremely grateful 240 241 hawking s association with atheism and freethinking was in evidence from his university years onwards when he had been a member of oxford university s humanist group he was later scheduled to appear as the keynote speaker at a 2017 humanists uk conference 242 in a 2014 interview he said before we understand science it is natural to believe that god created the universe but now science offers a more convincing explanation what i meant by we would know the mind of god is we would know everything that god would know if there were a god which there isn t i m an atheist 237 in addition hawking stated if you like you can call the laws of science god but it wouldn t be a personal god that you would meet and put questions to 219 politics hawking was a longstanding labour party supporter 243 244 his endorsement of them in the 2017 uk general election cited the conservative party s proposed cuts to the national health service nhs but he was openly critical of labour s ability to win a general election under party leader jeremy corbyn 245 hawking once recorded a video tribute to the democratic party candidate in the 2000 u s presidential election al gore 246 hawking supported universal health care 247 and maintained that without the nhs he would not have survived into his 70s 248 he especially feared privatisation of healthcare in the uk stating the more profit is extracted from the system the more private monopolies grow and the more expensive healthcare becomes the nhs must be preserved from commercial interests and protected from those who want to privatise it 249 hawking criticized the conservatives for wanting to privatise the nhs and for cutting funding to it as a result 250 he was also in favour of increasing the numbers of doctors and nurses in the nhs 251 hawking also supported a universal basic income 252 before the 2014 referendum on scottish independence from the uk hawking was one of two hundred public figures who signed a letter endorsing a vote against independence 253 voters ultimately agreed with them 254 hawking similarly denounced brexit the uk s withdrawal from the european union eu he predicted it would weaken the uk s contribution to global scientific efforts he claimed modern scientific research requires international collaboration and that freedom of movement within europe as is guaranteed to eu citizens encourages the spread of ideas 255 256 voters decided in favour of withdrawal in a 2016 referendum 257 later that year as pro brexit prime minister theresa may honoured hawking at the pride of britain awards he told her please don t ask me to help with brexit 258 hawking encouraged action to prevent climate change 259 he feared u s president donald trump s policies on global warming by denying the evidence for climate change and pulling out of the paris agreement donald trump will cause avoidable environmental damage to earth endangering the natural world for us and our children 260 hawking also theorized that climate change could lead earth to become like venus with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees celsius and raining sulphuric acid 261 furthermore hawking supported nuclear disarmament 243 244 and stem cell research 244 262 he believed the u s 2003 invasion of iraq was a war crime 244 263 he was also critical of the israeli government s actions in the israeli palestinian conflict stating they are likely to lead to disaster and once boycotted an academic conference in israel over the occupation of palestine 264 in the 2010s hawking accused then secretary of state for health and social care jeremy hunt of cherry picking evidence to support debased scientific claims 248 personal life marriages hawking met his future wife jane wilde at a party in 1962 the following year hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease mnd also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als or lou gehrig s disease in october 1964 the couple became engaged while aware of hawking s new physical limitations and shortened life expectancy 139 265 hawking later recalled before i got motor neuron disease i was bored with life but the prospect of an early death made me realize life was really worth living 33 266 the two were married on 14 july 1965 in their shared hometown of st albans 84 hawking being presented by his daughter lucy hawking at the lecture he gave for nasa s 50th anniversary 2008 the couple resided in cambridge within hawking s walking distance to the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics damtp during their first years of marriage jane lived in london during the week as she completed her degree at westfield college they travelled to the united states several times for conferences and physics related visits jane began a phd programme through westfield college in medieval spanish poetry completed in 1981 the couple had three children robert born may 1967 267 268 lucy born november 1970 269 and timothy born april 1979 134 hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges even in a precedent set during their courtship with jane 270 his disabilities meant that the responsibilities of home and family rested firmly on his wife s shoulders leaving him more time to think about physics 271 upon his appointment in 1974 to a year long position at caltech jane proposed that a graduate or post doctoral student live with them and help with his care hawking accepted and bernard carr travelled with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role 272 273 the family spent a generally happy and stimulating year in pasadena 274 hawking returned to cambridge in 1975 to a new home and a new job as reader don page with whom hawking had begun a close friendship at caltech arrived to work as the live in graduate student assistant with page s help and that of a secretary jane s responsibilities were reduced so she could return to her doctoral thesis and her new interest in singing 275 around december 1977 jane met organist jonathan hellyer jones when singing in a church choir hellyer jones became close to the hawking family and by the mid 1980s he and jane developed romantic feelings for each other 138 276 277 according to jane her husband was accepting of the situation stating he would not object so long as i continued to love him 138 278 279 jane and hellyer jones were determined not to break up the family and their relationship remained platonic for a long period 280 by the 1980s hawking s marriage had been strained for many years jane felt overwhelmed by the intrusion into their family life of the required nurses and assistants 281 the impact of his celebrity status was challenging for colleagues and family members while the prospect of living up to a worldwide fairytale image was daunting for the couple 282 189 hawking s views of religion also contrasted with her strong christian faith and resulted in tension 189 283 284 after a tracheotomy in 1985 hawking required a full time nurse and nursing care was split across three shifts daily in the late 1980s hawking grew close to one of his nurses elaine mason to the dismay of some colleagues caregivers and family members who were disturbed by her strength of personality and protectiveness 285 in february 1990 hawking told jane that he was leaving her for mason 286 and departed the family home 287 after his divorce from jane in 1995 hawking married mason in september 287 288 in 1999 jane published a memoir music to move the stars about her marriage and its breakdown its revelations caused a sensation in the media but as was his usual practice regarding his personal life hawking made no public comment except to say that he did not read biographies about himself 289 after his second marriage hawking s family felt excluded and marginalised from his life 284 for a period of about five years in the early 2000s his family and staff became increasingly worried that he was being physically abused 290 police investigations took place but were closed as hawking refused to make a complaint 291 in 2006 hawking and mason quietly divorced 292 293 and hawking resumed closer relationships with jane his children and his grandchildren 189 293 reflecting on this happier period a revised version of jane s book re titled travelling to infinity my life with stephen was published in 2007 291 and was made into a film the theory of everything in 2014 294 disability hawking had a rare early onset slow progressing form of mnd which gradually paralysed him over decades 21 during his final year at oxford he had experienced increasing clumsiness including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing 295 296 the problems worsened and his speech became slightly slurred his family noticed the changes when he returned home for christmas and medical investigations were begun 297 298 he was diagnosed with mnd at age 21 in 1963 doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years 299 300 in the late 1960s hawking s physical abilities declined he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly 301 as he slowly lost the ability to write he developed compensatory visual methods including seeing equations in terms of geometry 302 303 werner israel later compared the achievements to mozart composing an entire symphony in his head 304 305 hawking was unwilling to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities he preferred to be regarded as a scientist first popular science writer second and in all the ways that matter a normal human being with the same desires drives dreams and ambitions as the next person 306 jane hawking later noted some people would call it determination some obstinacy i ve called it both at one time or another 307 he required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s 308 but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving 309 hawking was popular among his colleagues but his illness as well as his reputation for brashness distanced him from some 307 when hawking first began using a wheelchair he was using standard motorised models or powerchairs the earliest surviving example of these chairs was made by bec mobility and sold by christie s in november 2018 for 296 750 310 hawking continued to use this type of chair until the early 1990s at which time his ability to use his hands to drive a wheelchair deteriorated hawking used a variety of different chairs from that time including a dragonmobility dragon elevating powerchair from 2007 311 a permobil c350 from 2014 and then a permobil f3 from 2016 312 hawking at an als convention in san francisco in the 1980s hawking s speech deteriorated and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends to communicate with others someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech 313 spurred by a dispute with the university over who would pay for the ramp needed for him to enter his workplace hawking and his wife campaigned for improved access and support for those with disabilities in cambridge 314 315 including adapted student housing at the university 316 in general hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion while wanting to help others he also sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges his lack of engagement in this area led to some critics saying he was not doing enough although white and gribbin noted just by staying alive and continuing to work at the intense rate he and the world have grown used to he is an inspiration to handicapped people everywhere 317 during a visit to cern on the border of france and switzerland in mid 1985 hawking contracted pneumonia which in his condition was life threatening he was so ill that jane was asked if life support should be terminated she refused but the consequence was a tracheotomy which required round the clock nursing care and caused the loss of what remained of his speech 318 319 the nhs was ready to pay for a nursing home but jane was determined that he would live at home the cost of the care was funded by an ameri...
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