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ings describing its salt and pepper shakers feature 80 fenway park home of the boston red sox opened in 1912 81 with the boston garden opening in 1928 82 logan international airport opened on september 8 1923 83 on january 15 1919 a flood of molasses in the north end killed 21 people and injured 150 84 on november 28 1942 boston s cocoanut grove nightclub was the site of the cocoanut grove fire the deadliest nightclub fire in united states history killing 492 people and injuring hundreds more 85 by the early to mid 20th century boston declined economically as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere 86 boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the boston redevelopment authority bra established in 1957 in 1958 bra initiated a project to improve the historic west end neighborhood extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition and thousands of families were displaced 87 outdoor market at haymarket square in 1973 the bra continued implementing eminent domain projects including the clearance of the vibrant scollay square area for construction of the modernist style government center in 1965 the columbia point health center opened in the dorchester neighborhood the first community health center in the united states it mostly served the massive columbia point public housing complex adjoining it which was built in 1953 the health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the geiger gibson community health center 88 the columbia point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed income residential development called harbor point apartments 89 by the 1970s the city s economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn a large number of high rises were constructed in the financial district and in boston s back bay during this period 90 this boom continued into the mid 1980s and resumed after a few pauses hospitals such as massachusetts general hospital beth israel deaconess medical center and brigham and women s hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care schools such as the boston architectural college boston college boston university harvard medical school tufts university school of medicine northeastern university massachusetts college of art and design wentworth institute of technology berklee college of music boston conservatory and others attract students to the area nevertheless the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid 1970s 91 boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century 92 with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city s rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition 93 21st century edit the charles river in front of boston s back bay neighborhood in 2013 boston is an intellectual technological and political center however it has lost some important regional institutions 94 including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as fleetboston financial which was acquired by charlotte based bank of america in 2004 95 boston based department stores jordan marsh and filene s have both merged into the new york city based macy s 96 the 1993 acquisition of the boston globe by the new york times 97 was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to boston businessman john w henry in 2016 it was announced general electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from connecticut to the seaport district in boston joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood 98 the city also saw the completion of the central artery tunnel project known as the big dig in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns 99 on april 15 2013 two chechen islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the finish line of the boston marathon killing three people and injuring roughly 264 100 the subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock down of boston and surrounding municipalities the region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan boston strong 101 in 2016 boston briefly shouldered a bid as the u s applicant for the 2024 summer olympics the bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists but was eventually dropped due to public opposition 102 the usoc then selected los angeles to be the american candidate with los angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 summer olympics 103 boston was one of eleven u s cities which hosted matches during the 2026 fifa world cup with games taking place at gillette stadium in nearby foxboro 104 geography edit boston and its neighbors with boston harbor as seen from sentinel 2 an 1877 panoramic map of boston the geographical center of boston is in roxbury due north of the center we find the south end this is not to be confused with south boston which lies directly east from the south end north of south boston is east boston and southwest of east boston is the north end unknown a local colloquialism 105 boston has an area of 89 63 sq mi 232 1 km 2 of this area 48 4 sq mi 125 4 km 2 or 54 of it is land and 41 2 sq mi 106 7 km 2 or 46 of it is water the city s elevation as measured at logan international airport is 19 ft 5 8 m above sea level 106 the highest point in boston is bellevue hill at 330 ft 100 m above sea level and the lowest point is at sea level 107 the city is adjacent to boston harbor an arm of massachusetts bay and by extension the atlantic ocean boston is surrounded by the greater boston metropolitan region it is bordered to the east by the town of winthrop and the boston harbor islands to the northeast by the cities of revere chelsea and everett to the north by the cities of somerville and cambridge to the northwest by watertown to the west by the city of newton and town of brookline to the southwest by the town of dedham and small portions of needham and canton and to the southeast by the town of milton and the city of quincy the charles river separates boston s allston brighton fenway kenmore and back bay neighborhoods from watertown and cambridge and most of boston from its own charlestown neighborhood the neponset river forms the boundary between boston s southern neighborhoods and quincy and milton the mystic river separates charlestown from chelsea and everett and chelsea creek and boston harbor separate east boston from downtown the north end and the seaport 108 neighborhoods edit main article neighborhoods in boston see also architecture of boston and list of tallest buildings in boston john hancock tower at 200 clarendon street the tallest building in boston with a roof height of 790 ft 240 m boston is sometimes called a city of neighborhoods because of the profusion of diverse subsections 109 110 the city government s office of neighborhood services has designated 23 neighborhoods 111 allston back bay bay village beacon hill brighton charlestown chinatown dorchester downtown or financial district east boston eastie by locals fenway or fenway kenmore hyde park jamaica plain mattapan mission hill north end roslindale roxbury seaport district or seaport south boston southie by locals the south end the west end west roxbury more than two thirds of inner boston s modern land area did not exist when the city was founded instead it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries 67 this was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of boston s three original hills the trimountain after which tremont street is named and with gravel brought by train from needham to fill the back bay 17 back bay is home to christian science center copley square newbury street and new england s two tallest buildings the john hancock tower and the prudential center 112 113 near the john hancock tower is the old john hancock building with its prominent illuminated beacon the color of which forecasts the weather 114 downtown and its immediate surroundings including the financial district government center and south boston consist largely of low rise masonry buildings often federal style and greek revival interspersed with modern high rises 115 back bay includes many prominent landmarks such as the boston public library 116 trinity church single family homes and wooden brick multi family row houses the south end historic district is the largest surviving contiguous victorian era neighborhood in the us 117 the geography of downtown and south boston was particularly affected by the central artery tunnel project which ran from 1991 to 2007 and was known unofficially as the big dig that project removed the elevated central artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas 118 environment edit greater boston s 2010 population density and elevation above sea level boston is located within the boston basin ecoregion which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds lakes and reservoirs forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as oak hickory mixed with white pine 119 as a coastal city built largely on fill sea level rise is of major concern to the city government a climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft 1 m to more than 7 ft 2 m of sea level rise in boston by the end of the 21st century 120 many older buildings in certain areas of boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area s fill these piles remain sound if submerged in water but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods 121 groundwater levels have been dropping in many areas of the city due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground the boston groundwater trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells 122 the city developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings transportation and energy use the first such plan was commissioned in 2007 with updates released in 2011 2014 and 2019 123 this plan includes the building energy reporting and disclosure ordinance which requires the city s larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years 124 a separate initiative resilient boston harbor lays out neighborhood specific recommendations for coastal resilience 125 in 2013 mayor thomas menino introduced the renew boston whole building incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient 126 climate edit boston s skyline in the sunny background with fall foliage in the foreground a graph of cumulative winter snowfall at logan international airport from 1938 to 2015 highlighting the four winters with the most snowfall under the köppen climate classification using the 27 f 3 c coldest month isotherm 127 boston has a humid subtropical climate köppen cfa 128 if using the 32 f 0 c coldest month isotherm the city lies within the hot summer humid continental zone köppen dfa 129 130 summers are warm to hot and humid winters are cold and stormy with occasional periods of heavy snow spring and fall are usually cool and mild with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and the position of the jet stream prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the atlantic ocean in winter areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow as warm air is sometimes drawn off the atlantic 131 boston lies at the border between usda plant hardiness zones 6b away from the coastline and 7a close to the coastline 132 receiving over 2 600 hours of sunshine annually boston is one of the sunniest oceanic cities located at its latitude globally the warmest month is july with a mean temperature of 74 1 f 23 4 c the coldest month is january with a mean temperature of 29 9 f 1 2 c periods exceeding 90 f 32 c in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each respectively 128 despite average winter temperatures near freezing boston can see entire winters without sustained periods of sub freezing afternoons the winter of 2001 2002 recorded only two days entirely below freezing with no day with a daily maximum temperature below 29 f 2 c 128 the winter of 2023 2024 saw the yearly minimum temperature not falling below 14 f 10 c that winter 128 the average year typically sees 29 days at or above 86 f 30 c 3 of which at or above 95 f 35 c the year 1983 saw a record 52 days at or above 86 f 30 c a record 30 days of which were at or above 90 f 32 c and the year 1949 saw a record 14 days at or above 95 f 35 c 128 sub 0 f 18 c readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years 133 the most recent sub 0 f 18 c reading occurred on february 4 2023 when the temperature dipped down to 10 f 23 c this was the lowest temperature reading in boston since 1957 128 several decades may pass between 100 f 38 c readings the last such reading occurred on july 3 2026 128 boston s average window for freezing temperatures is november 9 to april 5 128 a official temperature records have ranged from 18 f 28 c on february 9 1934 up to 104 f 40 c on july 4 1911 the record cold daily maximum is 2 f 17 c on december 30 1917 the record warm daily minimum is 83 f 28 c on both august 2 1975 and july 21 2019 134 128 the record high dew point is 79 f 26 c recorded on august 10 2001 135 the most humid month on record is august 2018 with an average dewpoint of 66 8 f 19 3 c for the month 136 the hottest month on record is july 2019 with an average mean temperature of 78 7 f 25 9 c for the month 128 the month with the record warmest daily minimums was july 2019 with an average daily minimum of 70 7 f 21 5 c 128 and the record warmest daily maximums was july 1983 with an average daily maximum of 87 2 f 30 7 c 128 boston has recorded entire months in summer without nighttime lows below 63 f 17 c the record most recently tied in august 2022 and previously set in july 2011 and july 2019 128 2022 also recorded an entire month in summer without a daily maximum temperature below 75 f 24 c the record highest for the monthly minimum of daily maximum temperature 128 summer in boston can also see entire months without dewpoints below 53 f 12 c with the most recent occurrence being july 2008 136 boston has not recorded a summer since records began without at least one instance of a 91 f 33 c temperature one daily minimum of at least 69 f 21 c or higher and a dewpoint of 71 f 22 c or greater 128 136 the summers where the yearly maximum dew point topped out at 71 f 22 c were in 1974 and 1982 the yearly maximum daily minimum temperature at 69 f 21 c in 1889 and a yearly maximum temperature was 91 f 33 c recorded in 1889 and 1996 128 136 the average yearly maximum daily m...
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