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ards hermit crabs and coconut crabs the islands are frequented by a wide variety of birds 27 to allow vessels with a larger draft to enter the lagoon and to prepare for the atomic bomb testing the united states used explosives to cut a channel through the reef and to blow up large coral heads in the lagoon the underwater nuclear explosions carved large holes in the bottom of the lagoon that were partially refilled by blast debris the explosions distributed vast amounts of irradiated pulverized coral and mud across wide expanses of the lagoon and surrounding islands as of 2008 update the atoll had recovered nearly 65 of the biodiversity that existed prior to radioactive contamination but 28 species of coral appear to be locally extinct 21 the radioactive contamination has prevented humans from fishing these grounds and for that reason there is an abundance of marine wildlife in the waters around the atoll much larger than in other parts of the ocean coconut crabs are particularly abundant on the island 31 climate edit the islands are hot and humid the temperature on bikini atoll is 27 to 29 c 81 to 84 f year round the water temperature is also 27 to 29 c 81 to 84 f all year the islands border the pacific typhoon belt the wet season is from may to december while the trade winds from january through may produce higher wave action 27 resident and non resident population edit during wwii the atoll had been occupied by japanese troops and american naval ships ground artillery and b 24 liberator bombers attacked the island killing many of the 8 000 soldiers citation needed bikini islander canoes are loaded for their relocation when the united states got the islanders to relocate in 1946 4 19 islanders lived elsewhere the 167 residents comprising about 40 families 32 who lived on the atoll moved to rongerik atoll the islands were able to produce much less food than they had on bikini and there were far fewer fish in the waters by early 1948 the people were close to starvation u s investigators concluded they must be moved and they were relocated to kwajalein atoll 5 they were first evacuated to kwaj where the islanders lived in tents adjacent to the concrete runway in use by the u s navy for six months while a new and better location was selected finally kili island was chosen 5 they were moved once again in november 1948 to kili island when the population numbered 184 they were later given public lands on ejit and a few families initially moved there to grow copra in 1972 about 100 bikini islanders returned to live on the atoll after they were reassured that it was safe they remained for about 6 years until scientists found an 11 fold increase in the caesium 137 body burdens and determined that the island was not safe after all the 178 residents were evacuated in september 1978 once again 15 since then a number of descendants have moved to majuro the marshall islands capital other marshall islands and the united states in 1999 there were 2 600 total individuals 1 000 islanders living on kiji 700 in majuro 275 on ejit 175 on other marshall islands or atolls and 450 in the united states of those 81 were among those who left the atoll in 1946 33 in 2001 the population of the dispersed islanders was 2 800 34 by 2013 there were about 4 880 bikini islanders descended from the original bikinis with 1 250 living on kili island 2 150 on majuro and 280 on ejit an island in majuro atoll 350 on the other marshall islands and 850 in the united states 5 as of march 2016 there were 5 400 living bikini islanders 800 islanders living on kili 2 550 on majuro 300 on ejit 350 on other marshall islands and 1 400 in the united states and other countries of that number 25 lived on bikini in 1946 35 the resident population of the atoll is currently 4 6 caretakers 36 34 including edward maddison who lived on bikini island from 1985 to 2020 his grandfather was one of the original residents relocated in 1946 37 he helped the u s department of energy with soil monitoring testing cleanup methods mapping the wrecks in the lagoon and accompanying visitors on dives 38 he was also the divemaster of bikini atoll divers 38 maddison died in majuro marshall islands on march 29 2020 39 history edit humans have inhabited bikini atoll for about 3 600 years 40 u s army corps of engineers archaeologist charles f streck jr found bits of charcoal fish bones shells and other artifacts under 3 feet 0 91 meters of sand carbon dating placed the age of the artifacts at between 1960 and 1650 bc other discoveries on bikini and eneu island were carbon dated to between 1000 bc and 1 bc and others between ad 400 and 1400 41 42 though samples may not have been collected from secure stratigraphic contexts and older driftwood samples may have affected results 43 the archaeological community broadly rejects the earliest radiocarbon dates circa 1200 bce reported by charles streck for bikini atoll due to significant methodological flaws the primary criticism is the old wood effect where samples were potentially derived from ancient driftwood logs that floated across the pacific for centuries skewing the dates older than the actual human activity furthermore streck failed to provide secure stratigraphic contexts or detailed records leaving the scientific community unable to verify that the charcoal originated from undisturbed human cultural layers rather than natural deposits or erosion in contrast the study conducted by marshall weisler on ujae atoll is regarded as a benchmark for establishing a reliable timeline of marshall islands prehistory weisler avoided the old wood effect by exclusively radiocarbon dating short lived plant remains specifically coconut husk coconut shell and pandanus keys species that grow locally on atolls and would have been used soon after dying his meticulous methodology which included detailed stratigraphic profiles and secure excavation contexts produced a consistent and accepted chronology this evidence firmly establishes permanent human habitation in the marshall islands around the 1st century ce with the oldest confirmed date at ujae falling between ad 256 542 consequently while streck s unsubstantiated 1200 bce claims are dismissed weisler s data provides a credible foundation for understanding when and how settlers adapted to the atoll environment map of bikini atoll taken from the 1893 map schutzgebiet der marshall inseln published in 1897 on october 1 1529 the spanish ship la florida under the command of álvaro de saavedra stopped at a lush atoll which saavedra called los jardines english the gardens the atoll may have been bikini or enewetak atoll the spaniards went ashore and ate with the islanders according to an account of the voyage the feast ended abruptly when the island s chief inquired about the purpose of saavedra s musket when saavedra fired it into the air the islanders fled 44 german russian explorer otto von kotzebue was the first westerner to have undisputedly seen the atoll during his 1816 and 1817 voyages 45 he named it eschscholtz atoll after johann friedrich von eschscholtz the ship s naturalist 46 in 1834 the captain of a trading schooner and two of his crew members were killed at bikini atoll three vessels were sent to search for the captain and when the hawaiian brig waverly discovered evidence of his death the crew killed 30 marshallese hostages in retaliation 47 bikini and the other northern marshall islands had less european contact and settlement than the southern islands but in the 1870s several blackbirding ships kidnapped women from the northern islands to sell into sexual slavery in fiji 48 the german empire annexed the marshall islands in 1885 49 the germans used the atoll to produce copra oil from coconuts although contact with the native population was infrequent the atoll s climate is drier than the more fertile southern marshall islands which produced more copra bikini islanders were recruited into developing the copra trade during the german colonial period 18 better source needed japanese occupation edit bikini was captured along with the rest of the marshall islands by the imperial japanese navy in 1914 during world war i and mandated to the empire of japan by the league of nations in 1920 the japanese administered the island under the south seas mandate but mostly left local affairs in the hands of traditional local leaders until the start of world war ii at the outset of the war the marshall islands suddenly became a strategic outpost for the japanese they built and manned a watchtower on the island an outpost for the japanese headquarters on kwajalein atoll to guard against an american invasion of the islands 50 world war ii edit main articles battle of kwajalein and battle of eniwetok the islands remained relatively unscathed by the war until february 1944 when in a bloody battle the american forces captured kwajalein atoll at the battle s conclusion there were only five surviving japanese soldiers left on bikini and they chose to die by suicide rather than allow themselves to be captured 50 this was followed by another difficult fight in the battle of eniwetok for the u s the battle represented both the next step in its island hopping march to japan and a significant moral victory as it was the first time the americans had penetrated the outer ring of the japanese pacific sphere for the japanese the battle represented the failure of the beach line defense japanese defenses became prepared in depth and the battles of peleliu guam and the marianas proved far more costly to the u s the base became part of the vast us naval base marshall islands residents relocated edit main article nuclear testing at bikini atoll on 7 march 1946 167 b bikini island residents boarded lst 1108 as they depart from bikini atoll bikini islanders arrive on rongerik atoll and unload pandanus for thatching the roofs of their new buildings 53 after world war ii the united states was engaged in a cold war nuclear arms race with the soviet union to build bigger and more destructive bombs 50 the nuclear weapons testing at bikini atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the united states between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites the test weapons were detonated on the reef itself on the sea in the air and underwater 21 with a combined explosive yield of about 77 mt shortly after world war ii ended president harry s truman directed army and navy officials to secure a site for testing nuclear weapons on american warships while the army had seen the results of a land based explosion the navy wanted to know the effect of a nuclear weapon on ships they wanted to determine whether ships could be spaced at sea and in ports in a way that would make nuclear weapons ineffective against vessels 54 bikini was distant from both regular sea and air traffic making it an ideal location in february 1946 navy commodore ben h wyatt the military governor of the marshall islands asked the 167 micronesian inhabitants of the atoll to voluntarily and temporarily relocate so the united states government could begin testing atomic bombs for the good of mankind and to end all world wars after confused and sorrowful deliberation among the bikinians their leader king juda agreed to the u s relocation request announcing men otemjej rej ilo bein anij which translates as everything is in god s hands 55 50 nine of the eleven family heads or alaps chose rongerik as their new home 51 in february navy seabees helped them to disassemble their church and community house and prepare to relocate them to their new home on 7 march 1946 the residents gathered their personal belongings and saved building supplies they were transported 125 miles 201 km eastward on u s navy landing ship 1108 to the uninhabited rongerik atoll which was one sixth the size of bikini atoll 51 no one lived on rongerik because it had an inadequate water and food supply and due to deep rooted traditional beliefs that the island was haunted by the demon girls of ujae the navy left them with a few weeks of food and water which soon proved to be inadequate 50 nuclear testing program edit main article nuclear testing at bikini atoll the wilson cloud from test baker situated just offshore from bikini island at top of the picture the weapons testing began with the operation crossroads series in july 1946 the baker test s radioactive contamination of all the target ships was the first case of immediate concentrated radioactive fallout from a nuclear explosion chemist glenn t seaborg the longest serving chairman of the atomic energy commission called baker the world s first nuclear disaster 56 this was followed by a series of later tests that left the islands of the atoll contaminated with enough radioactivity particularly caesium 137 to contaminate food grown in the soil a third nuclear test called charlie was called off after the first two these were the last tests in bikini atoll until 1954 when it was chosen as the location for operation castle series the first shot bravo had a higher yield than expected to due an unexpected lithium 7 reaction this along with freak weather occurrences caused the fallout to spread much further than anticipated affecting neighbouring atolls and the japanese fishing boat daigo fukuryū maru 57 fallout from bravo nuclear test the bomb yield was 15 megatons with an expected yield of 4 8 megatons marking it as the largest bomb detonated by the us four more detonations occurred as part of the castle series with a combined yield of 46 5 megatons in 1956 operation redwing was conducted at the atoll with six total detonations and a combined yield of 18 2 megatons the final round of tests occurred in 1958 as part of the larger operation hardtack i eleven detonations occurred with a combined yield of 21 megatons strategic trust territory edit main article trust territory of the pacific islands in 1947 the united states convinced the united nations to designate the islands of micronesia a united nations strategic trust territory this was the only trust ever granted by the u n 58 the united states navy controlled the trust from a headquarters in guam until 1951 when the united states department of the interior took over control administering the territory from a base in saipan 59 the directive stated that the united states should promote the economic advancement and self sufficiency of the inhabitants and to this end shall protect the inhabitants against the loss of their lands and resources 50 despite the promise to protect the inhabitants from july 1946 through july 1947 the residents of bikini atoll were left alone on rongerik atoll and were starving for lack of food a team of u s investigators concluded in late 1947 that the islanders must be moved immediately press from around the world harshly criticized the u s navy for ignoring the people harold ickes a syndicated columnist wrote the natives are actually and literally starving to death 50 the islanders were ...
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