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as to his person he was but despicable being very crooked tho i have heard from himself and others that he was strait till about 16 years of age when he first grew awry by frequent practising with a turn lath he was always very pale and lean and laterly nothing but skin and bone with a meagre aspect his eyes grey and full with a sharp ingenious look whilst younger his nose but thin of a moderate height and length his mouth meanly wide and upper lip thin his chin sharp and forehead large his head of a middle size he wore his own hair of a dark brown colour very long and hanging neglected over his face uncut and lank 63 on 3 july 1939 time magazine published a portrait supposedly of hooke but when ashley montagu traced the source it was found to lack a verifiable connection to hooke montagu found the two contemporaneous written descriptions of hooke s appearance agree with one another but that neither matches the portrait in time 181 in 2003 historian lisa jardine conjectured that a recently discovered portrait was of hooke 175 but this proposal was disproved by william b jensen of the university of cincinnati who identified the subject as the flemish scholar jan baptist van helmont 176 other possible likenesses of hooke include a seal used by hooke displays an unusual profile portrait of a man s head which some have said portrays hooke 177 the engraved frontispiece to the 1728 edition of chambers cyclopedia shows a drawing of a bust of robert hooke 182 the extent to which the drawing is based on a real work of art is unknown a memorial window existed at st helen s church bishopsgate london but it was a formulaic rendering rather than an accurate likeness 177 the window was destroyed in the 1993 bishopsgate bombing rita greer s imagined portrait of hooke in 2003 the amateur painter rita greer embarked on a project to memorialise hooke and produce credible images of him both painted and drawn which she believes match aubrey s and waller s descriptions of him greer s images of hooke which are free to use under the free art license have been used for television programmes in the uk and the us in books and magazines and for public relations 177 in 2019 larry griffing an associate professor in biology at texas a m university proposed that a portrait by mary beale of an unknown sitter and referred to as portrait of a mathematician is actually of hooke noting the physical features of the sitter in the portrait match hooke s the figure points to a drawing of elliptical motion that appears to match an unpublished manuscript created by him the painting also includes an orrery depicting the same principle according to griffing buildings included in the image are of lowther castle now in cumbria and its church of st michael the church was renovated under one of hooke s architectural commissions which beale would have known from her extensive body of work for the lowther family 1 according to griffing the painting would once have been owned by the royal society but was abandoned when newton its president moved the society s headquarters in 1710 1 christopher whittaker of the school of education university of durham england has questioned griffing s analysis according to whittaker it is more likely to be of isaac barrow 3 in a response to whittaker 2 griffing reaffirmed his deduction commemorations hooke memorial plaque in westminster abbey 3514 hooke an asteroid 1971 uj 183 a crater on the moon and another on mars are named in his honour the hooke medal is an annual award by the british society for cell biology to recognise an emerging leader in cell biology 184 list of new memorials to robert hooke 2005 2009 erected the occasion of the tercentenary of his death the boyle hooke plaque in oxford works reponse de monsieur hook aux considerations de m auzout contenue dans un lettre ecrite a l auteur des philosophical transactions et quelques lettres ecrites de part d autre sur le sujet des grandes lunettes reply of mr hook to the considerations of mr auzout contained in a letter written to the author of philosophical transactions and some letters written on both sides on the subject of large lenses in french paris jean cusson 2 1665 lectures de potentia restitutiva or of spring explaining the power of springing bodies london printed for john martyn 1678 micrographia hooke robert 1635 1703 micrographia or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon collection of lectures physical mechanical geographical and astronomical london printed for john martyn printer to the royal society at the bell in s pauls church yard 1679 includes an attempt to prove the annual motion of the earth animadversions on the machina coelestis of mr hevelius a description of helioscopes with other instruments mechanical improvement of lamps remarks about comets 1677 microscopium lectures on the spring etc philosophical experiments and observations london william innys john innys 1726 the posthumous works of robert hooke m d s r s geom prof gresh etc containing his cutlerian lectures and other discourses read at the meetings of the illustrious royal society illustrated with sculptures to these discourses is prefixt the author s life giving an account of his studies and employments with an enumeration of the many experiments instruments contrivances and inventions by him made and produced as curator of experiments to the royal society richard waller r s secr 1705 lectures de potentia restitutiva 1678 copy of hooke s lectures de potentia restitutiva title page of lectures de potentia restitutiva first page of lectures de potentia restitutiva figure from lectures de potentia restitutiva figure from lectures de potentia restitutiva explanatory notes 1 2 3 these dates are according to the julian calendar which was still in use in england at the time his date of death raises an additional complication formally the civil year began on 25 march although common practice then as now was to start the year on 1 january thus his legal date of death was 3 march 1702 but was 3 march 1703 according to common usage and as shown here according to the dual dating practice at the time it would be recorded in church records as 3 march 170 2 3 4 wikipedia follows the convention adopted by most modern historical writing of retaining the dates according to the julian calendar but taking the year as starting on 1 january rather than 25 march according to the gregorian calendar that was used in most of europe he was born on 28 july 1635 and died on 14 march 1703 the deviation between the calendars grew from ten to eleven days between his birth and his death because the julian calendar had a 29 february 1700 but the gregorian calendar did not for a more detailed explanation see calendar new style act 1750 srs means secretary of the royal society he was also a fellow of the royal society the md was an honorary degree conferred by oxford university 26 aubrey says 100 34 but the will hampshire record office 1648b09 1 clearly states 40 35 adjusted for retail price inflation 50 in 1648 equates to about 7 400 today 36 gribbin and gribbin estimate its purchasing power as rather closer to 20 000 33 according to gribbin and gribbin the puritan laws at the time forbade music in churches the mr goodman to whom hooke was nominally servitor was not an undergraduate at the time so hooke was not required to perform any services in return 41 a chance surviving copy of willis s pioneering work de anima brutorum a gift from the author was chosen by hooke from wilkins s library on his death as a memento at john tillotson s invitation this book is now in the wellcome library 43 gribbin and gribbin say it is now widely accepted that it was hooke who discovered what is now known as boyle s law of gasses 51 boyle published the law in his 1662 book but did not claim it as his own 50 subsequently renamed the royal society of london for promoting natural knowledge about 15 100 today indexed by retail prices rather than earnings cutler proved unreliable and hooke had to sue him in following years to secure payment 56 following cutler s death hooke enlisted the aid of friends of the cutler family including master of the haberdashers company richard levett with whom hooke was separately involved in a building commission to help recover the funds cutler owed 29 inwood considers it unlikely hooke was father to a daughter by grace and it is more likely the father was sir robert holmes governor of the isle of wight 79 jardine concurs 77 about 1 700 000 today hooke was distressed by the experience of vivisection in a letter to boyle he wrote i shall hardly be induced to make further trials of this kind because of the torture of the creature 87 here then we observe a striking similarity between combustion and animal respiration the ancients seem to have had a more accurate idea of respiration than most of the philosophers who followed them they supposed that the air contained a principle proper for the support and nourishment of life which they called pabulum vitae thomas garnett popular lectures on zoonomia or the laws of animal life in health and disease 1804 88 we now know this to be oxygen hooke described a wind speed gauge in method but he did not invent it see anemometer plate anemometers between gregory s initial effort and hooke s improvement isaac newton had built a reflecting telescope but because its mirror was made from polished steel it tarnished and rapidly became useless 102 original french l exemple de hook celui de kepler serve à faire voir quelle distance il y a entre une vérité entrevue une vérité démontrée as gemma frisius had already observed each four minutes of time difference is equivalent to one degree of longitude difference the latitude is easily determined by sextant his exclusivity would lapse as soon as another made any improvement to it which he argued would be easy to do 135 the plaque on the structure that attributes it to wren is not correct 156 about 582 000 today see also catenary curve formed by a hanging chain great red spot persistent storm in jupiter s atmosphere hooke s atom artificial helium like atom with a harmonic instead of coulomb potential hooke s law force needed to pull a spring grows linearly with distance optical microscope microscope that uses visible light reticle aim markings in optical devices e g crosshairs sash window window made of one or more movable panels savart wheel acoustical device to generate a pitch shadowgraph optical method to reveal non uniformity universal joint mechanism with bendable rotation axis list of astronomical instrument makers references citations 1 2 3 griffing 2020 1 2 griffing 2021 1 2 whittaker 2021 1 2 singer 1976 p 116 singer 1976 p 115 1 2 espinasse 1956 p 54 1 2 3 gase 2019 1 2 inwood 2003 pp 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 aubrey 1898 p 411 1 2 chapman 1996 1 2 3 4 o connor robertson 2002 harsch 2006 pp 867 9 1 2 gest 2004 1 2 gest 2009 davidson 2015 inwood 2003 pp 257 258 gribbin gribbin 2017 pp 140 141 inwood 2003 p 299 aubrey 1898 pp 413 415 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 150 chisholm 1911 drake 2006 p 138 from the start he questioned the validity of the narration in genesis and asserted that noah s flood was nothing special not because hooke was a disbeliever but because he distrusted the truthfulness and accuracy of the biblical account written by men about things that happened before the invention of writing drake 1996 p 143 hooke therefore along with his many other accomplishments should be considered an early evolutionist a precursor of charles darwin gribbin gribbin 2017 p 3 waller 1705 p i gribbin gribbin 2017 p 214 ward 1740 p 169 aubrey 1898 1 2 jardine 2003 p 23 martin 2000 drake 1996 p 10 1 2 waller 1705 p ii 1 2 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 4 1 2 aubrey 1898 p 410 1 2 nakajima 1994 uk consumer price index inflation figures from 1209 2024 based on data from inflation calculator bank of england london 18 february 2026 retrieved 1 april 2026 waller 1705 p iii 1 2 pugliese 2004 jardine 2003 pp 87 88 1 2 jardine 2003 p 65 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 7 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 10 hooke 1673 syfret 1948 p 78 waller 1705 p iv gribbin gribbin 2017 p 11 jardine 2003 p 81 1 2 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 15 fulton 1960 p 123 1 2 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 19 gribbin gribbin 2017 p xiii inwood 2003 pp 19 20 robinson 1935 p xx jardine 2003 p 96 waller 1705 p xi 1 2 3 inwood 2003 p 29 1 2 inwood 2003 p 28 inwood 2003 p 30 jardine 2003 p 100 inwood 2003 p 241 inwood 2003 p 247 drake 1996 p 5 1 2 waller 1705 p xxvii berry 1898 p 221 sullivan 1938 pp 35 37 manuel 1968 p 138 more 1934 pp 94 95 andrarde 1950 pp 56 57 inwood 2003 p 199 200 drake 1996 p 104 robinson 1935 espinasse 1956 p 106 inwood 2003 p 145 inwood 2003 p 159 inwood 2003 p 227 inwood 2003 p 140 1 2 jardine 2003 p 257 inwood 2003 pp 138 140 inwood 2003 p 252 inwood 2003 pp 133 138 inwood 2003 p 10 jardine 2003 pp 216 217 1 2 inwood 2003 p 4 inwood 2003 p 3 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 218 inwood 2003 p 43 espinasse 1956 p 52 garnett 1804 p 28 1 2 3 waller 1705 p ix long hall 1976 p 156 espinasse 1956 p 50 hooke 1734 p 173 179 inwood 2003 p 51 hirshfeld 2001 pp 144 149 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 57 alexander 1962 pp 108 109 aitken 1935 p 1 jardine 2003 pp 44 45 inwood 2003 p 82 atkin n d gribbin gribbin 2017 p 98 gribbin gribbin 2017 p 96 hooke 1678 oldenburg 1670 p 81 hall 1978 pp 261 281 gould 1923 pp 158 171 nielsen 2008 p back rousseaux coullet gilli 2006 pp 531 540 1 2 gribbin gribbin 2017 pp 80 81 rosen 2012 pp 74 331 for example jenkins 1936 pp 1 11 turnbull 1959 p 404 406 150 newton to oldenburg gribbin gribbin 2017 pp 165 175 hooke 1665 p 245 stewart 1816 p 434 hooke 1679 p page 2 3 1 2 hooke 1679 p 27 28 wilson 1989 p 239 turnbull 1960 pp 297 314 431 448 turnbull 1960 p 297 document 235 turnbull 1960 p 297 document 235 turnbull 1960 p 309 document 239 wilson 1989 p 244 turnbull 1960 p 431 document 285 gal 2002 p 9 whiteside 1991 pp 13 20 turnbull 1960 pp 431 448 turnbull 1960 p 436 437 document 288 newton 1729 p 66 turnbull 1960 p 447 document 291 rigaud 1838 p p 66 cited in ball 1893 p 69 cohen 1985 p 221 inwood 2003 pp 31 1 2 inwood 2003 pp 101 1 2 3 inwood 2003 pp 31 32 sample 2006 hall 1978 pp 261 81 hooke 1665 p 113 espinasse 1956 p 79 inwood 2003 p 62 63 inwood 2003 p 163 partington 1951 pp 78 80 pepys 1665 21 january 1664 65 rudwick 1976 p 54 bowler 1992 pp 118 119 inwood 2003 p 112 lyell 1832 pp 76 77 singer 1976 p 126 1 2 hintzman 2003 mcveigh 2011 daintith gjertsen 1999 p 101 greated 2001 1 2 ogilby morgan 1677 inwood 2003 p 5 inwood 2003 p 130 1 2 gribbin gribbin 2017 pp 76 77 inwood 2003 p 123 inwood 2003 p 131 inwood 2003 p 122 inwood 2003 pp 388 389 inwood 2003 p 285 inwood 2003 p 370 inwood 2003 p 288 inwood 2003 p 125 vickery 2014 gorvett 2017 inwood 2003 p 89 inwood 2003 p 90 jardine 2003 p 154 jardine 2003 p 147 inwood 2003 p 93 jardine 2003 p 156 jardine 2003 p 149 inwood 2003 pp 131 132 1 2 jardine 2003 pp 15 19 1 2 jensen 2...
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