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st government under mussolini at the end of 1937 and replaced with a new organization called fasi 94 the italian fascists as in nazi germany sought control of motor racing as an important vehicle for national prestige and propaganda 95 96 97 fasi replaced turismo nazionale with the less strictly regulated sports nazionale championship which ran in 1938 and 1939 97 postwar the csai was re established and in 1947 italian national championships were held for both sports internazionale fia annexe c sports cars and sports nazionale sports nazionale was abolished in 1948 creating the opportunity for a new category in 1949 98 1949 coppa inter europa edit the first race specifically for grand touring motor cars at the time the regulations designed by johnny lurani 99 were actually called turismo veloce or fast touring 100 101 was the 1949 coppa inter europa 102 103 101 held over three hours on 29 may at the 6 3 kilometer autodromo nazionale di monza italy 45 it was won by a limited production v 12 engined ferrari 166 inter originally known as the sport with a coupé body by carrozzeria touring of milan with the superleggera system 104 after this race governing body csai officially introduced a new category called gran turismo internazionale for 1950 105 the regulations were drawn up by johnny lurani and fellow italian motor racing journalist and organiser corrado filippini 105 106 requiring for qualification the production of thirty models per year 53 thereby ruling out for the time being ferrari s hand built berlinettas nonetheless ferrari 166 including the upgraded mm mille miglia version were produced and raced in sports car categories as both open barchettas and closed berlinettas including winning the 1950 mille miglia outright 107 108 1950 mille miglia edit on the third weekend of april 1950 it was the occasion of the annual mille miglia one thousand miles from brescia to rome and back over closed public roads to include a gran turismo internazionale category for the first time twenty four gt cars were entered including alfa romeo 6c 2500 ss coupé touring cisitalia 202b berlinetta and fiat 1100 s coupé the field was rounded out by a solitary fiat based siata daina 109 alfa romeo took first place in the gran turismo internazionale category a creditable tenth overall and also second place in category followed by three cisitalias the overall race winning ferrari 195 s was also a gran turismo style coupé but in the over 2 000 sports car class in fact a special 166mm 195s berlinetta le mans chassis no 0026mm famously driven by giannino marzotto in a double breasted suit a fitting advertisement for his family s textile business 110 108 107 1950 coppa inter europa edit the 1950 coppa inter europa at monza was held in march separate races were held for sports cars and for gran turismo cars in four classes 750 1100 1500 and over 1500 ferrari entered and won the sports car 2000 class with a ferrari 166 mm berlinetta while an alfa romeo sperimentale over 2000 class won the sports car race overall 111 the gran turismo race was contested by lancia aprilia cisitalia 202b stanguellini gt 1100 fiat 500 alfa romeo 2500 and fiat zagato 112 the overall winner was wwii fighter ace franco bordoni s maserati a6 1500 47 1950 targa florio edit the annual targa florio in sicily was held the first weekend of april and featured a gran turismo internazionale category for the first time in two classes 1500 and over 1500 contested by lancia aprilia cisitalia 202 fiat 1100 maserati a6 and even a solitary british bristol 400 based on the successful pre war bmw 328 the gran turismo internazionale category was won by argentinian driver adolfo schwelm cruz in an alfa romeo 6c 2500 ss 113 schwelm cruz and alfa romeo repeated their success in the 1950 targa florio and mille miglia by winning the gran turismo category at the coppa della toscana in june 114 an alfa romeo 6c 2500 driven by salvatore amendola was also victorious in the gran turismo category of the coppa d oro delle dolomiti in july run through the dolomite mountains starting and finishing in the town of cortina d ampezzo 115 an alfa romeo 6c 2500 took the gran turismo honours again at the giro delle calabria in august 116 the alfa romeo 6c 2500 was based on a pre war design and is considered by some to be the last of the classic alfa romeos 117 1951 campionato gran turismo internazionale edit for 1951 the csai organised an italian national championship for the gran turismo internazionale category in four classes 750 1 500 2 000 and over 2 000 cc interest was attracted from manufacturers such as alfa romeo lancia maserati ferrari fiat and siata the championship was held over ten events including all the classic long distance road races the giro di sicilia the mille miglia the coppa della toscana the giro dell umbria the coppa d oro delle dolomiti the giro delle calabrie and the stella alpina as well as three circuit races the coppa inter europa at monza the circuito di caracalla night race in rome and the 6 ore di pescara 118 119 alfa romeo 6c 2500 ss villa d este 1949 fiat 1100 s coupé 1949 maserati a6 1500 pinin farina competition berlinetta 1949 1954 fia appendix j edit prior to 1954 internationally agreed motor sport regulations existed only for racing cars and sports cars fia appendix c 93 after a testy initial period citation needed the fia introduced for the 1954 motor racing calendar new appendix j 120 121 regulations covering production touring cars tuned special touring cars gran turismo cars and production sports cars this was the first officially sanctioned international recognition of the gran turismo category citation needed the 1954 gran turismo regulations stipulated cars for personal transport with closed bodywork built by the manufacturer of the chassis although open bodies and special coachwork were admissible if listed in the official catalog of the manufacturer of the chassis and if the weight of the car was at least the same as the closed standard model minimum production was 100 cars during 12 months and cars needed to have only two seats citation needed gran turismo categories under 1500 and over 1500 were first included in the world sportscar championship in round three of the 1954 season at the 1954 mille miglia the first placed gt car being the lancia aurelia b20 gt of serafini and mancini 122 gt entries would become a regular feature alongside their sports car brethren at international races from this time forward gt cars raced in world championship rounds at the targa florio from 1955 nürburgring from 1956 sebring from 1957 24 hours of le mans from 1959 and buenos aires from 1960 from which year every round of the world championship included gt cars in 1960 and 1961 an fia coupé de grand tourisme grand touring cup was awarded 123 124 125 126 in 1962 1984 seasons except of the 1982 season world sportscar championship titles were awarded to manufacturers of gt cars alongside to manufacturers of sports prototypes the fia grand touring category came to be known as group 3 and is defined in the 1961 appendix j english regulation as vehicles built in small series for customers who are looking for better performance and or maximum comfort and are not particularly concerned about economy such cars shall conform to a model defined in a catalog and be offered to the customers by the regular sales department of the manufacturer 120 ferrari 250 gt berlinetta 1956 1961 aston martin db4 gt 1961 aston martin db4 gt zagato 1961 jaguar e type lightweight low drag coupe 1962 1962 1965 international championship for gt manufacturers edit in 1962 the fia addressing concerns to reduce the speeds attained in sports car racing following the disastrous accident at le mans in 1955 127 shifted focus from appendix c sports cars to production based gt cars of appendix j 124 the previous world sportscar championship title was discontinued being replaced by the international championship for gt manufacturers 128 129 won by the ferrari 250 gto in 1962 1963 and 1964 130 131 cobra ferrari wars edit the period 1963 1965 is famous for the cobra ferrari wars 131 a rivalry between american former racing driver and le mans winner carroll shelby le mans 1959 aston martin dbr1 300 130 and enzo ferrari whose 250 gts were the dominant grand touring cars of the time shelby retired from driving due to a heart condition 130 132 returning to california from europe in 1959 with the idea to marry the ac ace sports car chassis with ford s v 8 small block engine the resulting shelby ac cobra was a sales success 132 shelby like enzo ferrari sold road cars to support his racing team and like ferrari the cobra was a success on the track at least on the short circuits common in the united states 132 on the longer tracks prevalent in europe however the cobra s crude aerodynamics could not compete with the sleek 180 mph ferrari 250 gtos even fitted with a removable roof the cobra s top speed was 150 mph 133 130 at the 1963 24 hours of le mans a cobra placed seventh ferraris placed first to sixth 134 shelby team engineer pete brock 130 hand designed a kamm backed aerodynamic body for the cobra creating the shelby daytona coupe and a showdown with ferrari was set 134 135 in testing the shelby daytona coupe attained a top speed of 196 mph 130 and went on to win the gt class at the 1964 24 hours of le mans 136 shelby had beaten ferrari on the biggest stage however the fast and reliable ferrari 250 gtos were again victorious in the 1964 international championship for gt manufacturers the championship was controversial enzo ferrari with only a narrow points lead over shelby attempted to have the radical new mid engined ferrari lm250 homologated for the final championship round at monza in italy when the fia turned ferrari down ferrari withdrew the race organisers auto club d italia fearing a financial disaster from the withdrawal of the famous italian team canceled the event and ferrari was crowned world champion in the aftermath ferrari declared he would never race gts again and for 1965 the rivalry with ferrari 137 was taken up by ford motor company and the ford gt40 also mid engined in the sports car divisions 138 139 in 1965 with shelby s race team now dedicated to the gt40 the daytona coupes were entrusted to alan mann racing in the united kingdom and easily won the gt world championship 140 from 1966 the fia returned its world championship focus to the sports car division but gt entries remained an important feature of international sports car racing 141 shelby ac cobra hardtop 1964 ferrari 250 gto 1964 shelby daytona coupe 1964 british grand tourers 1946 1963 edit while italy was the home of the gran turismo of all the other european nations that took the concept up it was britain that was most enthusiastic 142 1946 healey elliot edit before donald healey turned to production of the small light and inexpensive austin healey 100 sports car in 1952 he had brought to market a fast and aerodynamic 2 1 2 litre riley powered healey elliot 143 closed saloon named for the coach builder claimed to be the fastest closed car of its day only 101 were made before production was given over to the successful new sports car 142 1947 bristol 400 406 edit immediately following the second world war h j aldington 144 pre war frazer nash manufacturer and bmw importer sought out bmw s badly bombed munich factory and there discovered the special bodied open bmw 328 duly returning with it to britain with a view to building fraser nash bmws with the aid of key former bmw personnel the bristol aeroplane company looking to enter the car sector acquired a majority shareholding there were government concerns about using german engineers and in the end only fritz fiedler was involved as consultant to bristol s own engineers by the time the new car debuted at the 1947 geneva motor show it was known simply as the bristol 400 142 the bristol 400 was essentially a hand built to aircraft industry standards bmw 327 two door coupe mounted on a bmw 326 chassis powered by the legendary 2 litre bmw 328 engine it was fast 90 mph but expensive the 1948 401 featured an improved aerodynamic body in the lightweight touring superleggera fashion and the 1953 403 boasted improved suspension brakes and gearbox while power was boosted from 85 to 100 bhp the 1954 short chassis 404 had a completely new body and top speed was up to 110 mph the 1958 406 was the last of the bmw powered versions and was produced until 1961 after which they were superseded by a range of automatic transmission equipped and chrysler v8 powered bristols with the engines rebuilt by bristol engineers and fitted with high lift camshafts and mechanical lifters 142 1953 aston martin db2 edit david brown purchased the aston martin concern in 1947 and the company was effectively reborn for the post war era unlike the bristol the aston martin db2 which debuted at the 1949 motor show as a prototype le mans racer was an all british affair the 2 6 litre twin overhead camshaft lagonda engine was designed by w o bentley brown having also purchased the lagonda company brown decided on a closed coupé body in the latest italian tradition rather than the traditional aston martin open two seater sports car the 1950 production db2 was a styling triumph for designer frank feeley and brown later recalled that many believed the car styled in italy the 105 bhp db2 was a genuine 110 mph grand tourer in 1951 came the more powerful optional 125 bhp vantage version in its original form the db2 was a two seater the 1953 db2 4 added a 2 2 and hatchback arrangement and a 3 litre engine in 1954 a mark ii version with tickford coachwork appeared in 1955 brown had purchased this company too the mark iii version from 1957 to 1959 developed 162 bhp and was available with 180 and 195 bhp high output engine options 142 1946 1950 healey elliott 1948 1953 bristol 401 1950 1953 aston martin db2 1953 1957 aston martin db2 4 1958 1963 aston martin db4 see also edit cruiser and touring motorcycle for the motorcycle equivalents endurance racing references edit 1 2 stanford john 1957 the sports car development and design b t batsford p 179 isbn 9781135518684 a newer concept altogether is the modern gran turismo class which was in effect unknown before world war ii sustained high speed motoring from relatively modest engine size and compact closed coachwork cite book isbn date incompatibility help 1 2 3 4 5 wood jonathan 1991 speed in style the origins and development of the grand touring car patrick stephens p 11 isbn 9781852600808 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 dawson sam 2007 gt the world s best gt cars 1953 1973 veloce isbn 9781845840600 retrieved 16 may 2014 1 2 3 wood pp 50 51 vittorio jano the motorsport memorial retrieved 17 june 2017 botsford keith 24 september 2015 the pride and passion of enzo ferrari car archive august 1977 car magazine retrieved 17 june 2017 enzo ferrari biography grand prix history retrieved 17 june 2017 1 2 silva allesa...
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