Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
of, and, the, early, war, in, succession, relations, louis, years, personal, reforms, power, image, with, colonies, causes, peace, works, xiv, contents, minority, fronde, reign, wars, low, countries, height, edict, fontainebleau, nine, spanish, life, depiction, health, death, legacy, arms, order, saint, family, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, accession, acts, coming, age, major, spain, dutch, non, european, centralisation, france, as, pivot, warfare, conduct, ryswick, build, up, to, acceptance, will, charles, ii, consequences, commencement, fighting, turning, point, conclusion, marriages, children, piety, religion, patronage, arts, evolution, royal, portraiture, other, art, ballet, unofficial, fiction, reputation, quotes, patrilineal, descent, issue, cited, literature, films, television, musicals, line, 1715,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1369), and (597), louis (548), his (244), #france (209), was (166), xiv (155), french (141), with (123), from (119), king (112), that (108), for (105), charles (101), duke (96), war (88), spain (71), this (67), were (64), isbn (64), anne (61), had (60), 978 (58), royal (57), philip (54), spanish (53), which (53), not (50), their (49), marie (48), also (47), all (46), her (44), iii (43), house (43), but (40), dutch (39), who (39), may (38), years (37), paris (36), power (35), versailles (34), peace (34), after (32), have (32), him (32), military (31), 1715 (30), more (30), prince (30), queen (30), would (30), history (29), dauphin (29), articles (28), bourbon (28), philippe (28), europe (28), mazarin (28), other (27), louise (27), son (27), most (27), death (27), orléans (26), saint (26), university (26), press (26), under (25), children (25), great (25), reign (25), such (25), one (25), they (25), its (25), succession (25), wars (24), count (24), maria (24), 2000 (24), court (24), time (24), first (23), françois (23), archived (23), 1661 (23), over (23), duchess (22), princess (22), died (22), anjou (22), jean (22), these (22), could (22), retrieved (21), william (21), grand (21), during (21), 1999 (21), lynn (21), treaty (21), however (21), september (20), against (20), century (20), empire (20), xiii (20), john (20), henry (20), england (20), 2002 (20), only (20), many (20), early (19), original (19), state (19), edict (19), been (19), protestant (19), much (19), thus (19), while (19), them (19), new (18), political (18), age (18), later (18), foreign (18), became (18), roman (17), robert (17), theresa (17), needed (17), two (17), into (17), policy (16), authority (16), catholic (16), european (16), navarre (16), françoise (16), million (16), fronde (16), she (16), emperor (16), alliance (16), led (16), october (15), june (15), family (15), austria (15), marriage (15), roi (15), ballet (15), will (15), made (15), condé (15), through (15), throne (15), toggle (14), wikipedia (14), 2016 (14), people (14), modern (14), are (14), both (14), aged (14), grandson (14), 1643 (14), james (14), order (14), 1667 (14), line (14), image (14), before (14), personal (14), support (14), november (13), july (13), december (13), netherlands (13), leopold (13), religion (13), antoine (13), see (13), 2008 (13), part (13), bluche (13), began (13), than (13), three (13), major (13), colonies (13), battle (13), aristocracy (13), 2020 (12), german (12), august (12), march (12), 1638 (12), republic (12), ferdinand (12), royale (12), sun (12), army (12), monarchy (12), old (12), petitfils (12), january (12), legitimised (12), numerous (12), end (12), main (12), without (12), important (12), when (12), franco (12), subsection (12), links (11), february (11), world (11), princes (11), states (11), control (11), francis (11), cardinal (11), joseph (11), works (11), vii (11), henri (11), savoy (11), madame (11), until (11), des (11), 2007 (11), london (11), life (11), further (11), simon (11), 1986 (11), dunlop (11), wife (11), 1683 (11), nobles (11), year (11), reforms (11), those (11), citation (11), then (11), palace (11), allies (11), between (11), victory (11), protestants (11), nobility (11), about (10), page (10), 2018 (10), english (10), art (10), holy (10), council (10), generation (10), public (10), financial (10), has (10), warfare (10), revolution (10), 1672 (10), civil (10), 1670 (10), relations (10), some (10), 1681 (10), daughter (10), married (10), general (10), known (10), did (10), brother (10), very (10), influence (10), portrait (10), although (10), colbert (10), mother (10), legal (9), unsourced (9), 2025 (9), list (9), italy (9), second (9), élisabeth (9), berry (9), burgundy (9), maine (9), doi (9), 1648 (9), 1998 (9), 2013 (9), strategic (9), 2001 (9), minister (9), established (9), well (9), members (9), there (9), even (9), own (9), followed (9), because (9), took (9), government (9), rigaud (9), territories (9), 000 (9), fontainebleau (9), terms (8), 2023 (8), references (8), statements (8), kings (8), monarchs (8), nine (8), sweden (8), church (8), rohan (8), napoleon (8), mademoiselle (8), regent (8), alexandre (8), held (8), absolute (8), april (8), young (8), central (8), imperial (8), journal (8), law (8), marquis (8), 1680 (8), secret (8), issue (8), 1665 (8), name (8), article (8), day (8), where (8), four (8), out (8), any (8), arts (8), sought (8), few (8), despite (8), since (8), bavaria (8), archduke (8), direct (8), high (8), embassy (8), view (7), code (7), sister (7), language (7), wayback (7), germain (7), 2005 (7), religious (7), catherine (7), peter (7), sancho (7), valois (7), notes (7), thérèse (7), grandchildren (7), spouse (7), himself (7), illegitimate (7), louvois (7), conti (7), gaston (7), vendôme (7), born (7), 1972 (7), rule (7), 1701 (7), york (7), pierre (7), 1989 (7), westphalia (7), 1990 (7), 2009 (7), late (7), society (7), encyclopedia (7), force (7), 1660 (7), arms (7), historians (7), commissioned (7), dance (7), parlement (7), angélique (7), 1673 (7), days (7), heir (7), birth (7), father (7), 1693 (7), crown (7), never (7), events (7), ended (7), gave (7), remained (7), used (7), help (7), health (7), right (7), portrayed (7), film (7), leading (7), 1690 (7), move (7), affairs (7), supported (7), whom (7), allowed (7), countries (7), declared (7), rights (7), another (7), claims (7), ryswick (7), 1685 (7), tax (7), you (6), non (6), last (6), sources (6), cs1 (6), needing (6), 2017 (6), british (6), 1680s (6), child (6), descent (6), baroque (6), artists (6), paul (6), augsburg (6), league (6), monarch (6), habsburg (6), xvi (6), country (6), portugal (6), brittany (6), auguste (6), maintenon (6), baptiste (6), nicolas (6), machine (6), 1710 (6), 2019 (6), social (6), absolutism (6), cambridge (6), 2004 (6), sturdy (6), man (6), roles (6), apollo (6), michel (6), durant (6), role (6), source (6), can (6), 1669 (6), claude (6), 1674 (6), better (6), childhood (6), 1711 (6), luxembourg (6), position (6), received (6), point (6), being (6), alsace (6), often (6), little (6), moreover (6), expansion (6), following (6), successor (6), minority (6), ministers (6), traditional (6), work (6), throughout (6), among (6), louvre (6), brun (6), centre (6), britain (6), cologne (6), returned (6), treaties (6), battles (6), actions (6), pope (6), next (6), devolution (6), finances (6), taxes (6), use (5), dead (5), external (5), number (5), citations (5), quotes (5), short (5), laye (5), thirty (5), architecture (5), denis (5), international (5), black (5), inquisition (5), richelieu (5), bernini (5), piety (5), book (5), rebellion (5), politics (5), garcía (5), rulers (5), xviii (5), 1815 (5), xvii (5), viii (5), guy (5), parma (5), angoulême (5), included (5), henriette (5), lorraine (5), succeeded (5), 2003 (5), making (5), publishing (5), 2006 (5), 1993 (5), 1992 (5), private (5), 1682 (5), online (5), vol (5), historical (5), literature (5), diplomacy (5), histoire (5), permanent (5), issn (5), dancing (5), jstor (5), panhuysen (5), hatton (5), subjects (5), 2010 (5), five (5), académie (5), painting (5), huguenots (5), character (5), ruled (5), kingdom (5), strong (5), named (5), granted (5), though (5), kept (5), accession (5), least (5), deathbed (5), hand (5), wanted (5), what (5), largely (5), domestic (5), example (5), encouraged (5), generally (5), diplomatic (5), threat (5), 1686 (5), 1700 (5), sole (5), privileges (5), eldest (5), chief (5), daily (5), confirmed (5), soleil (5), series (5), directed (5), played (5), care (5), powerful (5), latter (5), official (5), positions (5), system (5), now (5), meant (5), sent (5), portraiture (5), height (5), continued (5), given (5), capital (5), patronage (5), missions (5), 1684 (5), agreed (5), lands (5), land (5), entire (5), armies (5), accept (5), return (5), low (5), forced (5), troops (5), decided (5), might (5), matters (5), interests (5), 1688 (5), reunions (5), enemies (5), 1692 (5), opponents (5), called (5), exile (5), dragonnades (5), increased (5), genoa (5), conseil (5), fouquet (5), contents (4), search (4), contact (4), text (4), additional (4), 2026 (4), project (4), wikidata (4), long (4), reliable (4), words (4), regency (4), catholics (4), basilica (4), régime (4), catalonia (4), building (4), ages (4), germany (4), orders (4), school (4), maximilian (4), mary (4), clergy (4), revolt (4), strasbourg (4), worms (4), upper (4), joan (4), capet (4), hugh (4), younger (4), theuderic (4), chlothar (4), clovis (4), present (4), infanta (4), felipe (4), queue (4), toulouse (4), césar (4), aubigné (4), charlotte (4), ireland (4), 3rd (4), voltaire (4), siècle (4), full (4), domain (4), roy (4), par (4), routledge (4), creation (4), culture (4), interest (4), 2015 (4), review (4), propaganda (4), opinion (4), ever (4), money (4), greatness (4), campaigns (4), 150 (4), standard (4), biography (4), civilization (4), seventeenth (4), christian (4), molière (4), ballets (4), s2cid (4), evolution (4), portraits (4), china (4), economic (4), west (4), how (4), 1997 (4), fils (4), 1994 (4), trade (4), 1668 (4), homans (4), ottoman (4), around (4), bryant (4), translated (4), blanning (4), glory (4), cited (4), hall (4), discussed (4), danse (4), cite (4), 300 (4), état (4), catholicism (4), 1678 (4), marquise (4), montespan (4), armand (4), infancy (4), back (4), dukes (4), patrilineal (4), officers (4), upon (4), make (4), always (4), times (4), situation (4), certain (4), rather (4), half (4), cause (4), claimed (4), culminating (4), still (4), commerce (4), seen (4), feudal (4), victories (4), helped (4), came (4), successes (4), place (4), invasion (4), set (4), reputation (4), legacy (4), down (4), legitimate (4), become (4), taken (4), found (4), left (4), background (4), based (4), depiction (4), provided (4), greatly (4), way (4), style (4), attention (4), effectively (4), ordered (4), 116 (4), music (4), 1653 (4), provinces (4), god (4), population (4), conclusion (4), converted (4), except (4), believed (4), 101 (4), retained (4), divided (4), stuart (4), île (4), debt (4), cost (4), palatinate (4), read (4), formed (4), refused (4), renunciation (4), leaders (4), causes (4), electorate (4), defeat (4), failed (4), 1697 (4), rhine (4), city (4), namur (4), aid (4), policies (4), turn (4), ally (4), nantes (4), create (4), advantages (4), men (4), acts (4), free (4), headed (4), administration (4), reached (4), pounds (4), taille (4), longueville (4), arrest (4), husband (4), divine (4), villeroy (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), 143 (3), table (3), conduct (3), using (3), inc (3), commons (3), attribution (3), internet (3), pages (3), names (3), attributed (3), written (3), different (3), records (3), portuguese (3), gangrene (3), ancien (3), 18th (3), andorra (3), 17th (3), barnes (3), open (3), israel (3), national (3), nation (3), middle (3), related (3), legend (3), gregory (3), pius (3), xavier (3), francisco (3), teresa (3), van (3), heart (3), popular (3), spirituality (3), peasants (3), rebellions (3), lower (3), sánchez (3), disputed (3), bonaparte (3), 1830 (3), 1848 (3), 1589 (3), xii (3), 1328 (3), carloman (3), chilperic (3), dagobert (3), childebert (3), sigebert (3), tree (3), archduchess (3), sophie (3), uncle (3), future (3), sardinia (3), therèse (3), 1787 (3), alençon (3), vexin (3), vermandois (3), scotland (3), 1st (3), rank (3), preceded (3), cadet (3), branch (3), wikisource (3), macmillan (3), 1709 (3), revue (3), moderne (3), contemporaine (3), bloomsbury (3), david (3), books (3), enlightenment (3), prest (3), third (3), 2012 (3), leader (3), difficult (3), 2021 (3), 1996 (3), food (3), western (3), 2014 (3), wolf (3), 1968 (3), norton (3), michael (3), eastern (3), symcox (3), 1974 (3), 1910 (3), conscience (3), link (3), 2011 (3), vallière (3), oclc (3), les (3), michigan (3), pdf (3), ancient (3), nathan (3), jacques (3), merryman (3), systems (3), latin (3), america (3), mansel (3), sovereignty (3), 1858 (3), sur (3), dangeau (3), 1714 (3), kleinman (3), 1985 (3), east (3), twice (3), taking (3), 126 (3), random (3), conflicts (3), 1963 (3), story (3), 106 (3), barentine (3), contemporary (3), citing (3), westminster (3), academy (3), body (3), quoted (3), 1695 (3), persecution (3), rené (3), duc (3), 110 (3), 129 (3), 131 (3), off (3), longer (3), ordinance (3), 1696 (3), 1676 (3), governor (3), 1666 (3), unknown (3), fille (3), 1664 (3), grandfather (3), descended (3), principle (3), means (3), choose (3), historically (3), male (3), founded (3), intended (3), awarded (3), blue (3), chain (3), spirit (3), gold (3), supporters (3), remain (3), nonetheless (3), anti (3), greatest (3), far (3), historian (3), wrote (3), lord (3), themselves (3), franche (3), comté (3), saw (3), vanity (3), put (3), criticised (3), reform (3), maintain (3), almost (3), case (3), expenditure (3), evidence (3), persian (3), letters (3), significant (3), aristocratic (3), result (3), marked (3), regard (3), effect (3), creating (3), frontiers (3), too (3), cousin (3), 1712 (3), surviving (3), conflict (3), created (3), reduced (3), blood (3), apparent (3), weeks (3), finally (3), yielded (3), like (3), laid (3), months (3), good (3), along (3), governess (3), musical (3), construction (3), lully (3), depicted (3), mistresses (3), iron (3), mask (3), fiction (3), novel (3), consequences (3), final (3), poor (3), either (3), unofficial (3), required (3), status (3), tool (3), deeply (3), ambition (3), come (3), performances (3), danced (3), majesty (3), eager (3), dancer (3), professional (3), mirrors (3), depicting (3), addition (3), stand (3), originally (3), gift (3), certainly (3), concerned (3), common (3), including (3), already (3), avoided (3), manner (3), equal (3), theatre (3), large (3), bust (3), plans (3), destruction (3), existing (3), italian (3), eventually (3), favour (3), reasons (3), viewed (3), abandoned (3), treatment (3), chapelle (3), current (3), near (3), achieved (3), appearance (3), head (3), practice (3), lasted (3), 1679 (3), marriages (3), ceded (3), anglo (3), talks (3), secured (3), austrian (3), fell (3), vast (3), powers (3), union (3), forces (3), turning (3), aim (3), willing (3), should (3), giving (3), attack (3), broke (3), leaving (3), allied (3), fought (3), defeated (3), accepted (3), acted (3), slaves (3), growing (3), partition (3), possessions (3), avoid (3), initially (3), therefore (3), superiority (3), pro (3), offered (3), undivided (3), innocent (3), acceptance (3), agreement (3), attempt (3), signed (3), families (3), daughters (3), heirs (3), possible (3), break (3), bombardment (3), north (3), south (3), personally (3), livres (3), generals (3), ensured (3), parliament (3), rhineland (3), truce (3), ratisbon (3), convert (3), arose (3), enough (3), change (3), especially (3), various (3), coronation (3), extensive (3), churches (3), sanctioned (3), realm (3), friends (3), pay (3), virtually (3), hostile (3), defined (3), lost (3), courtiers (3), raised (3), robe (3), administrative (3), subsequent (3), doge (3), expense (3), papal (3), additionally (3), officials (3), attempted (3), jesuit (3), siamese (3), mississippi (3), information (3), increasingly (3), brandenburg (3), command (3), paid (3), payment (3), dowry (3), post (3), concerning (3), manufacturers (3), exemptions (3), close (3), impose (3), finance (3), taxation (3), château (3), account (3), 1651 (3), coming (3), mancini (3), depended (3), relationship (3), frondeurs (3), beaufort (3), prison (3), séguier (3), dieudonné (3), here (3), tools (3), languages (2), privacy (2), available (2), apply (2), agree (2), profit (2), wikimedia (2), rendered (2), hidden (2), categories (2), librivox (2), archive (2), volume (2), value (2), lacking (2), accuracy (2), disputes (2), maint (2), multiple (2), authors (2), phrases (2), 2022 (2), protected (2), description (2), guinness (2), sons (2), 1660s (2), personnel (2), deaths (2), dauphins (2), births (2), org (2), index (2), title (2), 125 (2), mungello (2), library (2), poland (2), norway (2), data (2), portal (2), renaissance (2), reformation (2), protestantism (2), discalced (2), gregorian (2), education (2), trent (2), faith (2), sigismund (2), medici (2), thomas (2), cross (2), giovanni (2), orlando (2), carracci (2), gian (2), lorenzo (2), flemish (2), mass (2), 1689 (2), bishops (2), grace (2), diet (2), nova (2), councils (2), documents (2), counter (2), trastámara (2), albret (2), blanche (2), theobald (2), garcés (2), íñiguez (2), xix (2), 1814 (2), 1422 (2), 987 (2), 751 (2), robertians (2), childeric (2), charibert (2), theudebert (2), ruling (2), infante (2), chambord (2), titles (2), antonia (2), comte (2), narbonne (2), lara (2), aquitaine (2), 1737 (2), penthièvre (2), dombes (2), baroness (2), tours (2), madeleine (2), marguerite (2), tuscany (2), montpensier (2), abess (2), chevalier (2), 1555 (2), 1553 (2), margaret (2), 1713 (2), 7th (2), 6th (2), 4th (2), capetian (2), dynasty (2), 1751 (2), contract (2), palgrave (2), 349 (2), wikiquote (2), media (2), projects (2), copy (2), français (2), presses (2), direction (2), rich (2), treasure (2), geoffrey (2), ian (2), andré (2), nôtre (2), gardens (2), rowlands (2), dynastic (2), princeton (2), julia (2), eds (2), taylor (2), 1966 (2), annales (2), 1610 (2), 1774 (2), emmanuel (2), jones (2), twenty (2), frenchmen (2), félix (2), paper (2), chicago (2), spectacle (2), campbell (2), beik (2), brief (2), maurice (2), funds (2), logistics (2), 1908 (2), scholars (2), reading (2), wijn (2), 1950 (2), scholarly (2), wilson (2), furthermore (2), chinese (2), sullivan (2), california (2), meeting (2), martin (2), spielvogel (2), sonnino (2), schama (2), chronicle (2), sabatier (2), gérard (2), 560 (2), 3406 (2), hes (2), 527 (2), économie (2), société (2), gloire (2), rise (2), rogers (2), neill (2), sehnaoui (2), victorious (2), reinhardt (2), oxford (2), régnier (2), famous (2), 298 (2), 1080 (2), 283 (2), perrin (2), perez (2), luc (2), atlas (2), 0450 (2), pagani (2), gráda (2), chevet (2), 733 (2), 1017 (2), 706 (2), famine (2), market (2), 1982 (2), nolan (2), greenwood (2), 1650 (2), autumn (2), virginia (2), encounter (2), motin (2), survived (2), montoya (2), perrault (2), merriman (2), mckay (2), small (2), memory (2), ragnhild (2), courcillon (2), 5820 (2), perspective (2), lossky (2), rutgers (2), 8135 (2), keay (2), company (2), india (2), kamen (2), jens (2), ivo (2), 1750 (2), hoping (2), perceived (2), hutton (2), dover (2), 318 (2), 4000 (2), angels (2), 1991 (2), holsti (2), gaudelus (2), sébastien (2), 526 (2), 513 (2), frost (2), northern (2), fraser (2), love (2), women (2), faroqhi (2), academic (2), edwards (2), revolutions (2), 1760 (2), edmunds (2), dvornik (2), delon (2), claydon (2), 5218 (2), burke (2), today (2), buckley (2), mark (2), clandestine (2), consort (2), queenship (2), fayard (2), tim (2), beyond (2), bély (2), beem (2), red (2), gods (2), single (2), urbanism (2), bailey (2), alexander (2), dated (2), self (2), published (2), wrong (2), peut (2), toscana (2), montesquieu (2), pringle (2), heather (2), 112 (2), mummy (2), science (2), abbey (2), buckland (2), commentary (2), translation (2), 242 (2), 182 (2), 269 (2), 253 (2), 209 (2), 192 (2), 213 (2), development (2), 132 (2), pillorget (2), 237 (2), elephant (2), sourcebook (2), street (2), 133 (2), 109 (2), 117 (2), 128 (2), 148 (2), 145 (2), 633 (2), longest (2), reigns (2), designed (2), est (2), moi (2), sovereign (2), said (2), bernard (2), laws (2), existence (2), stillborn (2), 1637 (2), 1687 (2), vin (2), œillets (2), offices (2), admiral (2), several (2), master (2), 1707 (2), athénaïs (2), office (2), baume (2), blanc (2), 1671 (2), 1662 (2), descendants (2), 1601 (2), marche (2), 866 (2), rheingau (2), hesbaye (2), patriline (2), traced (2), 200 (2), oldest (2), member (2), houses (2), generations (2), notable (2), roughly (2), ribbon (2), légion (2), honneur (2), fleurs (2), lis (2), lined (2), elements (2), motto (2), angel (2), carries (2), wears (2), same (2), tabard (2), opened (2), adopted (2), coat (2), reported (2), every (2), vacant (2), recorded (2), eyewitnesses (2), having (2), described (2), philosopher (2), reason (2), pointed (2), contrast (2), birthday (2), went (2), passionately (2), flanders (2), liked (2), nothing (2), memoirist (2), passing (2), institutions (2), secure (2), worked (2), reasonably (2), sufficient (2), argued (2), impoverished (2), bankrupted (2), indirectly (2), alleviation (2), burdens (2), patronised (2), fostered (2), founding (2), reduction (2), elites (2), centralised (2), cultural (2), achievements (2), raise (2), preeminent (2), customary (2), demonstration (2), focus (2), placed (2), aggressive (2), boundaries (2), territorial (2), follow (2), your (2), according (2), below (2), renounced (2), yet (2), nephew (2), closest (2), accordingly (2), vested (2), annulled (2), immediate (2), smallpox (2), elder (2), going (2), rest (2), outside (2), tomb (2), silver (2), shown (2), obtain (2), archbishop (2), destroyed (2), remains (2), 1647 (2), performed (2), shaped (2), occasion (2), reports (2), musicals (2), portrays (2), seasons (2), canal (2), television (2), albert (2), stars (2), primary (2), lavish (2), films (2), plays (2), american (2), author (2), details (2), actually (2), vicomte (2), please (2), removing (2), content (2), adding (2), independent (2), improve (2), mainly (2), escaped (2), hands (2), petitions (2), experiences (2), idea (2), evidently (2), belle (2), remind (2), beauchamp (2), noble (2), hold (2), standards (2), success (2), neptune (2), considered (2), merely (2), understanding (2), form (2), parts (2), tapestries (2), allegorical (2), residences (2), prior (2), issued (2), bronze (2), triumphs (2), decline (2), pleased (2), elegant (2), expression (2), ceremonial (2), conventions (2), appears (2), hyacinthe (2), lifetime (2), contracted (2), sculpture (2), 1619 (2), cultivated (2), ritual (2), augment (2), museum (2), relocation (2), extravagant (2), isolated (2), readily (2), discovered (2), caused (2), retreat (2), lend (2), constructed (2), home (2), soldiers (2), induced (2), replace (2), wide (2), aix (2), invalides (2), hunting (2), chapel (2), built (2), reception (2), alone (2), brought (2), protector (2), protecting (2), thrived (2), talent (2), launched (2), boulle (2), mignard (2), racine (2), cour (2), towards (2), special (2), pious (2), regularly (2), opera (2), 105 (2), secretly (2), proved (2), faithful (2), met (2), 1675 (2), produced (2), six (2), settlement (2), americas (2), gained (2), favourable (2), negotiations (2), acquired (2), restored (2), orange (2), acadia (2), fresh (2), balance (2), changed (2), just (2), surely (2), expelled (2), defeats (2), seized (2), island (2), consented (2), demanded (2), achieve (2), checked (2), flee (2), won (2), delivered (2), marlborough (2), eugene (2), again (2), turin (2), ramillies (2), elector (2), officially (2), aggression (2), once (2), commencement (2), fighting (2), sign (2), nations (2), tensions (2), petty (2), insistence (2), persuaded (2), otherwise (2), event (2), clear (2), decades (2), faction (2), declined (2), acknowledged (2), pressure (2), anna (2), ruler (2), 1699 (2), principal (2), claim (2), feared (2), bavarian (2), concern (2), build (2), concession (2), ultimately (2), occupied (2), recognised (2), aims (2), ultimatum (2), pondichéry (2), facto (2), sides (2), tried (2), thereafter (2), useless (2), restore (2), accumulated (2), seas (2), 1691 (2), naval (2), captured (2), duchy (2), marshal (2), balkans (2), nature (2), fleurus (2), siege (2), precedence (2), era (2), fled (2), pushed (2), dispatched (2), crises (2), protect (2), enemy (2), pursued (2), devastation (2), formation (2), nijmegen (2), initiated (2), period (2), elizabeth (2), property (2), pressed (2), traditionally (2), claimant (2), instead (2), ensure (2), tolerance (2), freedom (2), gallicanism (2), regions (2), severe (2), emigration (2), decrees (2), weakening (2), whose (2), necessary (2), determine (2), conversions (2), revoked (2), pastors (2), conversion (2), baptised (2), enforced (2), missionaries (2), dragoons (2), emigrate (2), banned (2), insisted (2), must (2), subjected (2), cuius (2), regio (2), eius (2), religio (2), resistance (2), swiss (2), keep (2), simple (2), felt (2), vauban (2), asia (2), africa (2), holland (2), establishments (2), denmark (2), impelled (2), mix (2), revenge (2), pique (2), peacetime (2), concentrated (2), preparing (2), taught (2), diplomats (2), job (2), tactical (2), dominance (2), merchant (2), ships (2), seize (2), wealth (2), location (2), inefficient (2), pivot (2), elaborate (2), live (2), regional (2), sword (2), recently (2), ennobled (2), dismissed (2), excellent (2), best (2), assembly (2), leave (2), duties (2), declaration (2), successfully (2), centralisation (2), actively (2), narai (2), kosa (2), pan (2), moroccan (2), engraving (2), posts (2), colonial (2), barbary (2), mission (2), extent (2), alliances (2), inscription (2), side (2)
Text of the page (random words):
innocent xii convinced him that france was more likely to preserve his empire intact he thus offered the entire empire to the dauphin s second son philip duke of anjou provided it remained undivided anjou was not in the direct line of french succession thus his accession would not cause a franco spanish union 90 if anjou refused the throne would be offered to his younger brother charles duke of berry if the duke of berry declined it it would go to archduke charles then to the distantly related house of savoy if charles declined it 91 louis was confronted with a difficult choice he could agree to a partition of the spanish possessions and avoid a general war or accept charles ii s will and alienate much of europe he may initially have been inclined to abide by the partition treaties but the dauphin s insistence persuaded him otherwise 92 moreover louis s foreign minister jean baptiste colbert marquis de torcy pointed out that war with the emperor would almost certainly ensue whether louis accepted the partition treaties or charles ii s will he emphasised that should it come to war william iii was unlikely to stand by france since he made a treaty to avoid war and did not intend to go to war to implement the treaty 89 indeed in the event of war it might be preferable to be already in control of the disputed lands eventually therefore louis decided to accept charles ii s will philip duke of anjou thus became philip v king of spain most european rulers accepted philip as king some reluctantly depending on one s views of the war s inevitability louis acted reasonably or arrogantly 93 he confirmed that philip v retained his french rights despite his new spanish position admittedly he may only have been hypothesising a theoretical eventuality and not attempting a franco spanish union but his actions were certainly not read as disinterested moreover louis sent troops to the spanish netherlands to evict dutch garrisons and secure dutch recognition of philip v in 1701 philip transferred the asiento the right to supply slaves to spanish colonies to france as a sign of the two nations growing connections as tensions mounted louis decided to acknowledge james stuart the son of james ii as king of england scotland and ireland on the latter s death infuriating william iii these actions enraged britain and the dutch republic 94 with the holy roman emperor and the petty german states they formed another grand alliance and declared war on france in 1702 french diplomacy secured bavaria portugal and savoy as franco spanish allies 95 commencement of fighting the franco spanish army led by the duke of berwick defeated decisively the alliance forces of portugal england and the dutch republic at the battle of almansa the battle of ramillies where the french fought the dutch and british 23 may 1706 even before war was officially declared hostilities began with imperial aggression in italy once finally declared the war of the spanish succession lasted almost until louis s death at great cost to him and france the war began with french successes but the talents of john churchill 1st duke of marlborough and eugene of savoy checked these victories and broke the myth of french invincibility the duo allowed the palatinate and austria to occupy bavaria after their victory at the battle of blenheim maximilian ii emanuel elector of bavaria had to flee to the spanish netherlands the impact of this victory won the support of portugal and savoy later the battle of ramillies delivered the low countries to the allies and the battle of turin forced louis to evacuate italy leaving it open to allied forces marlborough and eugene met again at the battle of oudenarde which enabled them to invade france france established contact with francis ii rákóczi and promised support if he took up the cause of hungarian independence defeats famine and mounting debt greatly weakened france between 1693 and 1710 over two million people died in two famines made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages 96 in desperation louis ordered a disastrous invasion of the english island of guernsey in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful harvest by the winter of 1708 09 he was willing to accept peace at nearly any cost he agreed that the entire spanish empire should be surrendered to archduke charles and also consented to return to the frontiers of the peace of westphalia giving up all the territories he had acquired over 60 years but he could not promise that philip v would accept these terms so the allies demanded that louis single handedly attack his grandson to force these terms on him if he could not achieve this within the year the war would resume louis would not accept these terms 97 turning point louis xiv depicted on a louis d or in 1709 the final phases of the war of the spanish succession demonstrated that the allies could not maintain archduke charles in spain just as surely as france could not retain the entire spanish inheritance for philip v the allies were definitively expelled from central spain by the franco spanish victories at the battles of villaviciosa and brihuega in 1710 french forces elsewhere remained obdurate despite their defeats the allies suffered a pyrrhic victory at the battle of malplaquet with 21 000 casualties twice that of the french 98 eventually france recovered its military pride with the decisive victory at denain in 1712 french military successes near the end of the war took place against the background of a changed political situation in austria in 1705 emperor leopold i died his elder son and successor joseph i followed him in 1711 his heir was none other than archduke charles who secured control of all of his brother s austrian landholdings if the spanish empire then fell to him it would have resurrected a domain as vast as holy roman emperor charles v s in the 16th century to the maritime powers of great britain and the dutch republic this would have been as undesirable as a franco spanish union 99 conclusion of peace map of france after the death of louis xiv as a result of the fresh british perspective on the european balance of power anglo french talks began culminating in the 1713 peace of utrecht between louis philip v of spain anne of great britain and the dutch republic in 1714 after losing landau and freiburg the holy roman emperor also made peace with france in the treaties of rastatt and baden in the general settlement philip v retained spain and its colonies while austria received the spanish netherlands and divided spanish italy with savoy britain kept gibraltar and menorca louis agreed to withdraw his support for james stuart son of james ii and pretender to the thrones of great britain and ireland and ceded newfoundland rupert s land and acadia in the americas to anne britain gained the most from the treaty but the final terms were much more favourable to france than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710 citation needed france retained île saint jean and île royale and louis acquired a few minor european territories such as the principality of orange and the ubaye valley which covered transalpine passes into italy thanks to louis his allies the electors of bavaria and cologne were restored to their prewar status and returned their lands 100 personal life marriages and children wedding of louis and maria theresa dual cypher of king louis xiv queen marie thérèse louis and his wife maria theresa of spain had six children from the marriage contracted for them in 1660 however only one child the eldest survived to adulthood louis le grand dauphin known as monseigneur maria theresa died in 1683 whereupon louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion despite evidence of affection early on in their marriage louis was never faithful to maria theresa he took a series of mistresses both official and unofficial among the better documented are louise de la vallière with whom he had five children 1661 1667 bonne de pons d heudicourt 1665 catherine charlotte de gramont 1665 françoise athénaïs marquise de montespan with whom he had seven children 1667 1680 anne de rohan chabot 1669 1675 claude de vin des œillets one child born in 1676 isabelle de ludres 1675 1678 and marie angélique de scorailles 1679 1681 who died at age 19 in childbirth through these liaisons he produced numerous illegitimate children most of whom he married to members of cadet branches of the royal family louis proved relatively more faithful to his second wife françoise d aubigné marquise de maintenon he first met her through her work caring for his children by madame de montespan noting the care she gave to his favourite louis auguste duke of maine 101 the king was at first put off by her strict religious practice but he warmed to her through her care for his children 101 when he legitimized his children by madame de montespan on 20 december 1673 françoise d aubigné became the royal governess at saint germain 101 as governess she was one of very few people permitted to speak to him as an equal without limits 101 it is believed that they were married secretly at versailles on or around 10 october 1683 102 or january 1684 103 this marriage though never announced or publicly discussed was an open secret and lasted until his death piety and religion louis xiv encouraged catholic missions through the creation of the paris foreign missions society louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the catholic church in france he made his devotions daily regardless of where he was following the liturgical calendar regularly 104 under the influence of his very religious second wife he became much stronger in the practice of his catholic faith 105 this included banning opera and comedy performances during lent 105 towards the middle and the end of his reign the centre for the king s religious observances was usually the chapelle royale at versailles ostentation was a distinguishing feature of his daily mass annual celebrations such as those of holy week and special ceremonies 106 louis established the paris foreign missions society but his informal alliance with the ottoman empire was criticised for undermining christendom 107 patronage of the arts painting from 1667 depicting louis as patron of the fine arts the cour royale and the cour de marbre at versailles see also louis xiv style louis supported the royal court of france and those who worked under him he brought the académie française under his patronage and became its protector he promoted classical french literature by protecting such writers as molière racine and la fontaine louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning artists such as charles le brun pierre mignard antoine coysevox and hyacinthe rigaud composers and musicians such as jean baptiste lully jacques champion de chambonnières and françois couperin thrived in 1661 louis founded the académie royale de danse and in 1669 the académie d opéra important events in the evolution of ballet he also attracted supported and patronized such artists as andré charles boulle who revolutionised marquetry with his art of inlay today known as boulle work always on the lookout for new talent the king launched music competitions in 1683 michel richard de lalande thus became deputy master of the royal chapel composing his symphonies for the soupers du roy along with 77 large scale grand motets citation needed over the course of four building campaigns louis converted a hunting lodge commissioned by louis xiii into the spectacular palace of versailles except for the current royal chapel built near the end of his reign the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign which was followed by an official move of the royal court to versailles on 6 may 1682 versailles became a dazzling awe inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries at versailles the king alone commanded attention bust of louis xiv by gianlorenzo bernini several reasons have been suggested for the creation of the extravagant and stately palace as well as the relocation of the monarchy s seat the memoirist saint simon speculated that louis viewed versailles as an isolated power centre where treasonous cabals could be more readily discovered and foiled 59 there has also been speculation that the revolt of the fronde caused louis to hate paris which he abandoned for a country retreat but his sponsorship of many public works in paris such as the establishment of a police force and of street lighting 108 lend little credence to this theory as a further example of his continued care for the capital louis constructed the hôtel des invalides a military complex and home to this day for officers and soldiers rendered infirm either by injury or old age while pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day the invalides pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment the conclusion of the treaty of aix la chapelle in 1668 also induced louis to demolish paris s northern walls in 1670 and replace them with wide tree lined boulevards 109 louis renovated and improved the louvre and other royal residences gian lorenzo bernini was originally to plan additions to the louvre however his plans would have meant the destruction of much of the existing structure replacing it with an italian summer villa in the centre of paris bernini s plans were eventually shelved in favour of the elegant louvre colonnade designed by three frenchmen louis le vau charles le brun and claude perrault with the relocation of the court to versailles the louvre was given over to the arts and the public 110 during his visit from rome bernini also executed a renowned portrait bust of the king image and depiction bronze bust of louis xiv circa 1660 by an unknown artist from paris france the victoria and albert museum london few rulers in world history have commemorated themselves in as grand a manner as louis 111 he cultivated his image as the sun king le roi soleil the centre of the universe without equal louis used court ritual and the arts to validate and augment his control over france with his support colbert established from the beginning of louis s personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image the king was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war notably against spain this portrayal of the monarch was to be found in numerous media of artistic expression such as painting sculpture theatre dance music and the almanacs that diffused royal propaganda to the population at large evolution of royal portraiture le roi gouverne par lui même modello for the central panel of the ceiling of the hall of mirrors c 1680 by le brun 1619 1690 over his lifetime louis commissioned numerous works of art including over 300 formal portraits the earliest portrayals of louis already f...
|
