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f grissom white and roger chaffee in the fire of apollo 1 this final arrangement helped determine the makeup of the first seven apollo crews and who would be in position for a chance to be the first to walk on the moon missions edit gemini mission control in houston during gemini 5 in april 1964 and january 1965 two gemini missions were flown without crews to test systems and the heat shield these were followed by 10 flights with crews in 1965 and 1966 all were launched by titan ii launch vehicles some highlights from the gemini program gemini 3 grissom and young was the first crewed gemini mission first multi crewed us mission and the first crewed spacecraft to use thrusters to change its orbit on gemini 4 ed white became the first american to make an extravehicular activity eva or spacewalk on june 3 1965 gemini 5 august 21 29 1965 demonstrated the 8 day endurance necessary for an apollo lunar mission with the first use of fuel cells to generate its electrical power gemini 6a accomplished the first space rendezvous with its sister craft gemini 7 in december 1965 with gemini 7 setting a 14 day endurance record for its flight gemini 8 achieved the first space docking with an uncrewed agena target vehicle gemini 10 established that radiation at high altitude was not a problem further demonstrated the ability to rendezvous with a passive object and was the first gemini mission to fire the agena s own rocket michael collins would be the first person to meet another spacecraft in orbit during his second successful eva gemini 11 first direct ascent first orbit rendezvous with an agena target vehicle docking with it 1 hour 34 minutes after launch set a crewed earth orbital altitude record of 739 2 nautical miles 1 369 0 km in september 1966 using the agena target vehicle s propulsion system this record was broken in september 2024 by the polaris dawn mission and again in april 2026 by the artemis ii mission on gemini 12 edwin buzz aldrin became the first space traveler to prove that useful work eva could be done outside a spacecraft without life threatening exhaustion due to newly implemented footholds handholds and scheduled rest periods rendezvous in orbit is not a straightforward maneuver should a spacecraft increase its speed to catch up with another the result is that it goes into a higher and slower orbit and the distance thereby increases the right procedure is to go to a lower orbit first which increases relative speed and then approach the target spacecraft from below and decrease orbital speed to meet it 23 to practice these maneuvers special rendezvous and docking simulators were built for the astronauts 24 edward white during spacewalk gemini 4 june 1965 rendezvous of gemini 6a and 7 december 1965 first docking agena target is seen from gemini 8 march 1966 mission lv serial n o spacecraft nº command pilot pilot mission dates launch time duration gemini 1 glv 1 12556 sc1 uncrewed uncrewed 8 12 april 1964 16 00 utc 03d 23h 1 first test flight of gemini spacecraft was intentionally destroyed during re entry 1 the mission duration was 4h 50m sufficient to achieve all of the mission aims in three orbits the spacecraft remained in orbit for 3d 23h gemini 2 glv 2 12557 sc2 uncrewed uncrewed 19 january 1965 14 04 utc 00d 00h 18m 16s suborbital flight to test heat shield gemini 3 glv 3 12558 sc3 grissom young 23 march 1965 14 24 utc 00d 04h 52m 31s first crewed gemini flight three orbits gemini iv glv 4 12559 sc4 mcdivitt white 3 7 june 1965 15 16 utc 04d 01h 56m 12s included first extravehicular activity eva by an american white s space walk was a 22 minute eva exercise gemini v glv 5 12560 sc5 cooper conrad 21 29 august 1965 14 00 utc 07d 22h 55m 14s first week long flight first use of fuel cells for electrical power evaluated guidance and navigation system for future rendezvous missions completed 120 orbits gemini vii glv 7 12562 sc7 borman lovell 4 18 december 1965 19 30 utc 13d 18h 35m 01s when the original gemini vi mission was scrubbed because the launch of the agena docking target failed gemini vii was used as the rendezvous target instead primary objective was to determine whether humans could live in space for 14 days completed 206 orbits gemini vi a glv 6 12561 sc6 schirra stafford 15 16 december 1965 13 37 utc 01d 01h 51m 24s rescheduled from october to rendezvous with gemini vii after the original agena target vehicle launch failed first space rendezvous accomplished station keeping for over five hours at distances from 1 to 300 feet 0 30 to 91 m first musical instruments played in space crew played jingle bells on a harmonica and a ring of small bells as part of a jocular santa claus sighting 25 26 gemini viii glv 8 12563 sc8 armstrong scott 16 17 march 1966 16 41 utc 00d 10h 41m 26s accomplished first docking with another space vehicle an uncrewed agena target vehicle while docked a gemini spacecraft thruster malfunction caused near fatal tumbling of the craft which after undocking armstrong was able to overcome the crew effected the first emergency landing of a crewed u s space mission gemini ix a glv 9 12564 sc9 stafford cernan 3 6 june 1966 13 39 utc 03d 00h 20m 50s rescheduled from may to rendezvous and dock with the augmented target docking adapter atda after the original agena target vehicle launch failed the atda shroud did not completely separate making docking impossible right three different types of rendezvous two hours of eva and 44 orbits were completed gemini x glv 10 12565 sc10 young collins 18 21 july 1966 22 20 utc 02d 22h 46m 39s first use of the agena target vehicle s propulsion systems the spacecraft also rendezvoused with the agena target vehicle from gemini viii collins had 49 minutes of eva standing in the hatch and 39 minutes of eva to retrieve experiments from the agena 43 orbits completed gemini xi glv 11 12566 sc11 conrad gordon 12 15 september 1966 14 42 utc 02d 23h 17m 09s gemini record altitude with apogee of 739 2 nautical miles 1 369 0 km 27 reached using the agena target vehicle propulsion system after first orbit rendezvous and docking gordon made a 33 minute eva and two hour standup eva 44 orbits gemini xii glv 12 12567 sc12 lovell aldrin 11 15 november 1966 20 46 utc 03d 22h 34m 31s final gemini flight rendezvoused and docked manually with the target agena and kept station with it during eva aldrin set an eva record of 5 hours and 30 minutes for one space walk and two stand up exercises and demonstrated solutions to previous eva problems 59 orbits completed gemini titan launches and serial numbers edit main article titan ii glv left all gemini launches from gt 1 through gt 12 right usaf serial number location on titan ii the gemini titan ii launch vehicle was adapted by nasa from the u s air force titan ii icbm similarly the mercury atlas launch vehicle had been adapted from the usaf atlas missile the gemini titan ii rockets were assigned air force serial numbers which were painted in four places on each titan ii on opposite sides on each of the first and second stages usaf crews maintained launch complex 19 and prepared and launched all of the gemini titan ii launch vehicles data and experience operating the titans was of value to both the u s air force and nasa the usaf serial numbers assigned to the gemini titan launch vehicles are given in the tables above fifteen titan iis were ordered in 1962 so the serial is 62 12xxx but only 12xxx is painted on the titan ii the order for the last three of the 15 launch vehicles was canceled on july 30 1964 and they were never built serial numbers were however assigned to them prospectively 12568 glv 13 12569 glv 14 and 12570 glv 15 program cost edit from 1962 to 1967 gemini cost 1 3 billion in 1967 dollars 9 31 billion in 2024 28 1 in january 1969 a nasa report to the us congress estimating the costs for mercury gemini and apollo through the first crewed moon landing included 1 2834 billion for gemini 797 4 million for spacecraft 409 8 million for launch vehicles and 76 2 million for support 29 current location of hardware edit spacecraft edit gemini 1 intentionally disintegrated upon re entry to the atmosphere gemini 2 air force space and missile museum cape canaveral air force station florida gemini iii grissom memorial spring mill state park mitchell indiana gemini iv national air and space museum washington d c gemini v johnson space center nasa houston texas gemini vi stafford air space museum weatherford oklahoma gemini vii national air and space museum washington d c gemini viii armstrong air and space museum wapakoneta ohio gemini ix kennedy space center nasa merritt island florida gemini x kansas cosmosphere and space center hutchinson kansas gemini xi california museum of science and industry los angeles california gemini xii adler planetarium chicago illinois gemini 2 at air force space and missile museum in 2006 30 gemini iii at grissom memorial in 2011 31 gemini iv at national air and space museum in 2009 32 gemini v at johnson space center in 2011 gemini vi a at stafford air space museum in 2011 gemini vii at steven f udvar hazy center gemini viii at armstrong air and space museum in 2010 gemini ix a at kennedy space center in 2011 gemini x at kansas cosmosphere and space center in 2010 gemini xi at california museum of science and industry in 2013 gemini xii at adler planetarium in 2010 trainers and boilerplates edit gemini 3a 2411 st louis science center st louis missouri 33 34 gemini mol b 2411 national museum of the united states air force wright patterson air force base dayton ohio 35 gemini mission simulator 5143 u s space rocket center huntsville alabama 36 gemini trainer discovery center fresno california gemini trainer kentucky science center louisville kentucky 37 gemini water egress trainer texas air museum slaton texas 38 gemini trainer kalamazoo air museum kalamazoo michigan 39 trainer pate museum of transportation fort worth texas 40 gatv 6165 national air and space museum washington d c not on display 41 42 el kabong kalamazoo air museum kalamazoo michigan 43 msc 312 private residence holden ma 44 msc 313 private residence san jose california 45 paresev 1a rogallo test vehicle steven f udvar hazy center chantilly virginia ttv 1 6873 paraglider capsule steven f udvar hazy center chantilly virginia 46 ttv 2 paraglider capsule museum of scotland edinburgh 47 gemini boilerplate air force space and missile museum cape canaveral space force station florida 48 gemini boilerplate air force space and missile museum cape canaveral space force station florida 49 ingress egress trainer u s space rocket center huntsville alabama 50 51 msc 307 uss hornet museum former nas alameda alameda california 52 gemini mol b national museum of the united states air force gemini mission simulator u s space rocket center gemini water egress trainer texas air museum gemini trainer kalamazoo air museum el kabong kalamazoo air museum paresev 1a steven f udvar hazy center ttv 1 steven f udvar hazy center ttv 2 museum of scotland gemini boilerplate air force space missile museum msc 307 uss hornet museum mockups and models edit a number of detailed gemini models and mockups are on display 53 gemini model intrepid sea air space museum new york gemini model the discovery center fresno california gemini model built for from the earth to the moon evergreen aviation museum mcminnville oregon gemini sit in model ksc visitors center kennedy space center florida gemini model science museum oklahoma oklahoma city oklahoma gemini model made by mcdonnell boeing prologue room st louis missouri gemini model made by mcdonnell museum of science industry chicago illinois gemini sit in model neil armstrong air and space museum wapakoneta ohio gemini mockup winner of the 1967 revell contest oregon museum of science and industry portland oregon gemini model made by mcdonnell san diego air space museum san diego california gemini model stafford air space museum weatherford oklahoma gemini model intrepid sea air space museum gemini model evergreen aviation museum gemini sit in model ksc visitors center gemini sit in model neil armstrong air and space museum gemini mockup oregon air and space museum gemini model stafford air space museum proposed extensions and applications edit advanced gemini edit main article advanced gemini illustration of a gemini b reentry vehicle separating from the manned orbiting laboratory mol mcdonnell aircraft the main contractor for mercury and gemini was also one of the original bidders on the prime contract for apollo but lost out to north american aviation mcdonnell later sought to extend the gemini program by proposing a derivative which could be used to fly a cislunar mission and even achieve a crewed lunar landing earlier and at less cost than apollo but these proposals were rejected by nasa a range of applications were considered for advanced gemini missions including military flights space station crew and logistics delivery and lunar flights the lunar proposals ranged from reusing the docking systems developed for the agena target vehicle on more powerful upper stages such as the centaur which could propel the spacecraft to the moon to complete modifications of the gemini to enable it to land on the lunar surface its applications would have ranged from crewed lunar flybys before apollo was ready to providing emergency shelters or rescue for stranded apollo crews or even replacing the apollo program one proposal went as far as to using a modified gemini as part of a crewed mars expedition 54 some of the advanced gemini proposals used off the shelf gemini spacecraft unmodified from the original program while others featured modifications to allow the spacecraft to carry more personnel dock with space stations visit the moon and perform other mission objectives other modifications considered included the addition of wings or a parasail to the spacecraft in order to enable it to make a horizontal landing big gemini edit main article big gemini big gemini concept space station supply ship big gemini or big g was another proposal by mcdonnell douglas made in august 1969 it was intended to provide large capacity all purpose access to space including missions that ultimately used apollo or the space shuttle the study was performed to generate a preliminary definition of a logistic spacecraft derived from gemini that would be used to resupply an orbiting space station land landing at a preselected site and refurbishment and reuse were design requirements two baseline spacecraft were defined a nine man minimum modification version of the gemini b called min mod big g and a 12 man advanced concept having the same exterior geometry but with new state of the art subsystems called advanced big g 55 three launch vehicles saturn ib titan iiim and saturn int 20 s ic s ivb were investigated for use with the spacecraft military applications edit the air force had an interest in the gemini system and decided to use its own modif...
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