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mugabe began to believe that there was a gay mafia and that all of his critics were homosexuals 290 critics also accused mugabe of using homophobia to distract attention from the country s problems 288 in august 1995 he was due to open a human rights themed zimbabwe international book fair in harare but refused to do so until a stall run by the group gays and lesbians of zimbabwe was evicted 291 in 1996 mugabe was appointed chair of the defense arm of the southern african development community sadc 292 without consulting parliament in august 1998 he ordered zimbabwean troops into the democratic republic of the congo to side with president laurent kabila in the second congo war 293 he initially committed 3000 troops to the operation this gradually rose to 11 000 293 he also persuaded angola and namibia to commit troops to the conflict 293 involvement in the war cost zimbabwe an approximate us 1 million a day contributing to its economic problems 293 opinion polls demonstrated that it was unpopular among zimbabwe s population 294 however several zimbabwean businesses profited having been given mining and timber concessions and preferential trade terms in minerals from kabila s government 293 in january 1999 23 military officers were arrested for plotting a coup against mugabe the government sought to hide this but it was reported by journalists from the standard the military subsequently illegally arrested the journalists and tortured them 295 this brought international condemnation with the eu and seven donor nations issuing protest notes 296 lawyers and human rights activists protested outside parliament until they were dispersed by riot police 296 and the country s supreme court judges issued a letter condemning the military s actions 297 in response mugabe publicly defended the use of extra legal arrest and torture 298 british prime minister tony blair with whom mugabe had a particularly antagonistic relationship in 1997 tony blair was elected prime minister of the uk after 18 years of conservative rule his labour government expressed reticence toward restarting the land resettlement payments promised by the lancaster house agreement with minister clare short rejecting the idea that the uk had any moral obligation to fund land redistribution 299 this attitude fuelled anti imperialist sentiment across africa 300 in october 1999 mugabe visited britain and in london the human rights activist peter tatchell attempted to place him under citizen s arrest 301 mugabe believed that the british government had deliberately engineered the incident to embarrass him 302 it further damaged anglo zimbabwean relations 302 with mugabe expressing scorn for what he called blair and company 303 in may 2000 the uk froze all development aid to zimbabwe 304 in december 1999 the imf terminated financial support for zimbabwe citing economic mismanagement and widespread corruption as impediments to reform 305 to meet growing demand for constitutional reform in april 1999 mugabe s government appointed a 400 member constitutional commission to draft a new constitution which could be put to a referendum 306 the national constitutional assembly a pro reform pressure group established in 1997 expressed concern that this commission was not independent of the government noting that mugabe had the power to amend or reject the draft 307 the nca called for the draft constitution to be rejected and in a february 2000 referendum it was with 53 against to 44 in favor turnout was under 25 308 it was zanu pf s first major electoral defeat in twenty years 309 mugabe was furious and blamed the white minority for orchestrating his defeat referring to them as enemies of zimbabwe 310 land seizures and growing condemnation 2000 2008 edit main article land reform in zimbabwe morgan tsvangirai led the mdc to growing success in opposing mugabe s regime in the 2000 parliamentary election the june 2000 parliamentary elections were zimbabwe s most important since 1980 311 sixteen parties took part and the movement for democratic change mdc led by trade unionist morgan tsvangirai was particularly successful 311 during the election campaign mdc activists were regularly harassed and in some cases killed 312 the zimbabwe human rights forum documented 27 murders 27 rapes 2466 assaults and 617 abductions with 10 000 people displaced by violence the majority but not all of these actions were carried out by zanu pf supporters 313 observers from the european union eu ruled that the election was neither free nor fair 314 the vote produced 48 and 62 parliamentary seats for zanu pf and 47 and 57 parliamentary seats for the mdc 315 for the first time zanu pf were denied the two thirds parliamentary majority required to push through constitutional change 311 zanu pf had relied heavily on their support base in rural shona speaking areas and retained only one urban constituency 316 in february 2000 land invasions began as armed gangs attacked and occupied white owned farms 317 the government referred to the attackers as war veterans but the majority were unemployed youth too young to have fought in the rhodesian war 317 mugabe claimed that the attacks were a spontaneous uprising against white land owners although the government had paid z 20 million to chenjerai hunzvi s war veterans association to lead the land invasion campaign and zanu pf officials police and military figures were all involved in facilitating it 318 some of mugabe s colleagues described the invasions as retribution for the white community s alleged involvement in securing the success of the no vote in the recent referendum 319 mugabe justified the seizures by the fact that this land had been seized by white settlers from the indigenous african population in the 1890s 320 he portrayed the invasions as a struggle against colonialism and alleged that the uk was trying to overthrow his government 321 in may 2000 he issued a decree under the presidential powers temporary measures act which empowered the government to seize farms without providing compensation insisting that it was the british government that should make these payments 322 in march 2000 zimbabwe s high court ruled that the land invasions were illegal they nevertheless continued 323 and mugabe began vilifying zimbabwe s judiciary 324 after the supreme court also backed this decision the government called on its judges to resign successfully pressuring chief justice anthony gubbay to do so 325 zanu pf member godfrey chidyausiku was appointed to replace him while the number of supreme court judges was expanded from five to eight the three additional seats went to pro mugabe figures the first act of the new supreme court was to reverse the previous declaration that the land seizures were illegal 326 in november 2001 mugabe issued a presidential decree permitting the expropriation of virtually all white owned farms in zimbabwe without compensation 327 the farm seizures were often violent by 2006 a reported sixty white farmers had been killed with many of their employees experiencing intimidation and torture 328 a large number of the seized farms remained empty while many of those redistributed to black peasant farmers were unable to engage in production for the market because of their lack of access to fertiliser 329 the courts can do whatever they want but no judicial decision will stand in our way my own position is that we should not even be defending our position in the courts this country is our country and this land is our land they think because they are white they have a divine right to our resources not here the white man is not indigenous to africa africa is for africans zimbabwe is for zimbabweans mugabe on the land seizures 330 the farm invasions severely impacted agricultural development 331 zimbabwe had produced over two million tons of maize in 2000 by 2008 this had declined to approximately 450 000 328 by october 2003 human rights watch reported that half of the country s population were food insecure lacking enough food to meet basic needs 332 by 2009 75 of zimbabwe s population were relying on food aid the highest proportion of any country at that time 332 zimbabwe faced continuing economic decline in 2000 the country s gdp was us 7 4 billion by 2005 this had declined to us 3 4 billion 333 hyperinflation resulted in economic crisis 329 by 2007 zimbabwe had the highest inflation rate in the world at 7600 333 by 2008 inflation exceeded 100 000 and a loaf of bread cost a third of the average daily wage 334 increasing numbers of zimbabweans relied on remittances from relatives abroad 332 other sectors of society were negatively affected too by 2005 an estimated 80 of zimbabwe s population were unemployed 335 and by 2008 only 20 of children were in schooling 335 the breakdown of water supplies and sewage systems resulted in a cholera outbreak in late 2008 with over 98 000 cholera cases in zimbabwe between august 2008 and mid july 2009 336 the ruined economy also impacted the hiv aids epidemic in the country by 2008 the hiv aids rate for individuals aged between 15 and 49 was 15 3 337 in 2007 the world health organization declared the average life expectancy in zimbabwe to be 34 for women and 36 for men down from 63 and 54 respectively in 1997 333 the country s lucrative tourist industry was decimated 338 and there was a rise in poaching including of endangered species 338 mugabe directly exacerbated this problem when he ordered the killing of 100 elephants to provide meat for an april 2007 feast 338 in october 2000 the mdc s mps attempted to impeach mugabe but were thwarted by the speaker of the house mugabe loyalist emmerson mnangagwa 339 zanu pf increasingly equated itself with zimbabwean patriotism 340 with mdc supporters being portrayed as traitors and enemies of zimbabwe 341 the party presented itself as being on the progressive side of history with the mdc representing a counter revolutionary force that seeks to undermine the achievements of the zanu pf revolution and of decolonization itself 342 mugabe claimed that the build up to the 2002 presidential election represented the third chimurenga and that it would set zimbabwe free from its colonial heritage 343 in the build up to the election the government changed the electoral rules and regulations to improve mugabe s chances of victory 344 new security legislation was introduced making it illegal to criticise the president 344 the defense force commander general vitalis zvinavashe stated that the military would not recognise any election result other than a mugabe victory 345 the eu withdrew its observers from the country stating that the vote was neither free nor fair 345 the election resulted in mugabe securing 56 of the vote to tsvangirai s 42 346 in the aftermath of the election mugabe declared that the state owned grain marketing board had the sole right to import and distribute grain with the state distributors giving food to zanu pf supporters while withholding it from those suspected of backing the mdc 347 in 2005 mugabe instituted operation murambatsvina operation drive out the rubbish a project of forced slum clearance a un report estimated that 700 000 were left homeless since the inhabitants of the shantytowns overwhelmingly voted mdc many alleged that the bulldozing was politically motivated 348 mugabe in 2008 mugabe s actions brought strong criticism the zimbabwe council of churches accused him of plunging the country into a de facto state of warfare to stay in power 349 several southern african states remonstrated with him at a summit in harare in september 2001 350 in 2002 the commonwealth expelled zimbabwe from among its ranks mugabe blamed this on anti black racism 351 a view echoed by south africa s president thabo mbeki 352 mbeki favoured a policy of quiet diplomacy in dealing with mugabe 353 and prevented the african union au from introducing sanctions against him 354 the africa europe summit scheduled to take place in lisbon in april 2003 was deferred repeatedly because african leaders refused to attend while mugabe was banned it eventually took place in 2007 with mugabe in attendance 355 in response to the torture of mdc mp job sikhala zimbabwean test cricketers andy flower and henry olonga staged a protest during the 2003 cricket world cup co hosted by zimbabwe wearing black armbands to mourn the death of democracy in zimbabwe both men would go into exile with olonga charged with treason 356 in 2004 the eu imposed a travel ban and asset freeze on mugabe 351 it extended these sanctions in 2008 351 with the us government introducing further sanctions this same year 357 the us and uk introduced a resolution at the un security council calling for an arms embargo of zimbabwe alongside an asset freeze and travel ban of mugabe and other government figures it was vetoed by russia and china 357 in 2009 the sadc demanded that western states lift their targeted sanctions against mugabe and his government 352 zanu pf presented the sanctions as a form of western neo colonialism and blamed the west for zimbabwe s economic problems 358 according to carren pindiriri of the university of zimbabwe sanctions did not negatively affect employment and poverty in the country 359 british prime minister tony blair allegedly planned regime change in zimbabwe in the early 2000s as pressure intensified for mugabe to step down 360 british general charles guthrie the chief of the defence staff revealed in 2007 that he and blair had discussed the invasion of zimbabwe 361 however guthrie advised against military action hold hard you ll make it worse 361 in 2013 south african president thabo mbeki said that blair had also pressured south africa to join in a regime change scheme even to the point of using military force in zimbabwe 360 mbeki refused because he felt that mugabe is part of the solution to this problem 360 however a spokesman for blair said that he never asked anyone to plan or take part in any such military intervention 360 power sharing with the opposition mdc 2008 2013 edit main article 2008 zimbabwean presidential election in march 2008 the parliamentary and presidential elections were held in the former zanu pf secured 97 seats to the mdc s 99 and the rival mdc ncube s 9 362 363 in may the zimbabwe electoral commission announced the presidential vote results confirming that tsvangirai secured 47 9 to mugabe s 43 2 as neither candidate secured 50 a run off vote was scheduled 364 mugabe saw his defeat as an unacceptable personal humiliation 365 he deemed it a victory for his western and in particular british detractors whom he believed were working with tsvangirai to end his political career 365 zanu pf claimed that the mdc had rigged the election 366 mugabe in 2011 after the election mugabe s government deployed its war veterans in a violent campaign against tsvangirai supporters 367 between march and june 2008 at least 153 mdc supporters were killed 368 there were reports ...
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