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the indian ocean region by the daily telegraph 262 south africa is renowned for its diverse landscapes abundant wildlife and rich cultural heritage the country is home to some of africa s most recognisable natural attractions including kruger national park one of the continent s largest and most visited game reserves table mountain one of the new7wonders of nature the garden route the drakensberg mountain range blyde river canyon and the beaches of the western cape and kwazulu natal provinces safari tourism remains one of the country s principal attractions supported by an extensive network of national parks private game reserves and marine protected areas the country s major cities also attract millions of visitors each year cape town consistently ranked as the world s most beautiful city is south africa s leading tourist destination and is renowned for landmarks such as the v a waterfront table mountain cape point and the nearby cape winelands johannesburg is the country s commercial centre and is home to attractions including the apartheid museum constitution hill and gold reef city while durban is known for its subtropical climate beaches and the golden mile waterfront promenade wine tourism has become a major industry with the vineyards of stellenbosch franschhoek and paarl ranking among the most visited destinations in the southern hemisphere 263 south africa has twelve unesco world heritage sites reflecting its exceptional natural and cultural significance these include robben island the cradle of humankind isimangaliso wetland park the cape floral region protected areas mapungubwe national park the maloti drakensberg park and the richtersveld cultural and botanical landscape 28 science and technology main article science and technology in south africa mark shuttleworth in space several important scientific and technological developments have originated in south africa the first human to human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon christiaan barnard at groote schuur hospital in december 1967 max theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever allan macleod cormack pioneered x ray computed tomography ct scan and aaron klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques cormack and klug received nobel prizes for their work sydney brenner won in 2002 for his pioneering work in molecular biology mark shuttleworth founded thawte an early internet security company pioneering digital certificates and online security 264 south africa was ranked 61st in the global innovation index in 2025 reflecting its continued scientific and technological capabilities 265 266 south africa has a burgeoning astronomy community and hosts the southern african large telescope the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere and the meerkat radio telescope a precursor to the 1 5 billion square kilometre array project 267 the south african national space agency sansa established in 2010 oversees the country s space activities south africa launched its first locally developed satellite sunsat in 1999 and had africa s second highest number of satellites in space with 13 as of 2025 behind egypt with 14 268 south africa is also the continent s leading satellite developer with a high proportion of satellite components and systems developed locally 269 270 south africa has also made significant contributions to military technology the country pioneered mine resistant vehicle designs including the buffel and casspir which established the use of v shaped hulls to protect occupants from landmines and later influenced modern mrap vehicles 271 south africa also pioneered the operational use of helmet mounted sight technology on combat aircraft successfully integrating a locally developed system with air to air missiles on mirage fighters in 1975 272 273 infrastructure see also housing in south africa transport main article transport in south africa a gautrain higher speed express commuter rail at o r tambo international airport johannesburg south africa has the largest and most extensive transport infrastructure in africa comprising an integrated network of roads railways airports seaports and pipelines the country has approximately 750 000 kilometres 470 000 mi of roads making it the largest road network in africa and the 12th largest in the world the south african national roads agency sanral manages the national road system 274 including major highways such as the n1 n2 n3 and n4 which connect the country s principal cities and form part of transcontinental routes such as the cape to cairo highway 275 the railway network extends approximately 36 000 kilometres 23 700 mi making it the largest in africa and the seventh largest in the world 276 freight services are operated primarily by transnet freight rail 277 while commuter rail services are provided by the passenger rail agency of south africa prasa the gautrain rapid rail system links johannesburg and pretoria providing the country s only higher speed rail service 278 south africa has more than 1 500 airports 279 among the highest numbers in the world and the greatest of any african country o r tambo international airport in johannesburg is the largest and busiest airport in africa 280 serving as the country s principal international gateway while cape town international king shaka international and chief dawid stuurman international airports are other major hubs 281 south africa also has the continent s largest and most developed aviation market 282 served by airlines including south african airways airlink flysafair cemair and lift 283 south africa s maritime sector is centred on the commercial ports of durban cape town gqeberha richards bay saldanha bay and east london 284 the port of durban is the busiest container port in sub saharan africa and the fourth largest in the southern hemisphere while the port of richards bay is one of the world s largest bulk export facilities 285 port infrastructure is managed by the transnet national ports authority which plays a central role in supporting domestic logistics and international trade 286 energy main article energy in south africa the koeberg nuclear power station in cape town africa s first and only commercial nuclear power plant south africa has the largest and most advanced energy sector in africa and is the world s 22nd largest producer of electricity the sector is dominated by the state owned utility eskom africa s largest power company 287 which generates approximately 90 of the country s electricity and is a major participant in the southern african power pool the regional electricity market south africa remains heavily reliant on coal 288 producing more than 200 million tonnes annually making it the world s seventh largest coal producer around 90 of the coal consumed on the african continent is mined in south africa 289 which is also one of the world s 15 largest greenhouse gas emitters 290 the south african electricity grid has an installed capacity of around 60 gw 291 in 2024 electricity generation was sourced from coal approximately 80 83 renewable energy from wind solar and hydroelectricity 9 13 nuclear power around 4 and other sources including gas diesel and pumped storage 4 6 292 major generating facilities include the kusile medupi majuba and kendal coal fired power stations while the koeberg nuclear power station is africa s first and only commercial nuclear power plant despite its substantial installed capacity south africa was embroiled in a prolonged energy crisis during the 2010s and early 2020s resulting in recurring load shedding 293 following the stabilisation of the electricity system in 2024 294 government policy now focuses on diversifying the electricity mix through the integrated resource plan 2025 295 which targets 105 gw of new generation capacity by 2039 and represents an investment of approximately r2 2 trillion us 120 billion making it the single largest investment programme in south africa s post apartheid history 296 the plan invites independent power producers to contribute to the expansion with the projected 2039 generation mix consisting of coal 27 wind power 24 grid connected solar power 18 rooftop solar 10 nuclear power 5 hydroelectricity 4 diesel 4 5 and other sources 7 5 representing a substantial shift away from coal 295 296 water supply and sanitation main article water supply and sanitation in south africa the blyde river dam in mpumalanga two distinctive features of the south african water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of water boards which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities these features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers leading to a lack of attention to maintenance following the end of apartheid the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66 to 79 from 1990 to 2010 297 sanitation access increased from 71 to 79 during the same period 297 however water supply and sanitation has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry 298 the eastern parts of south africa suffer from periodic droughts linked to the el niño weather phenomenon 299 in early 2018 cape town which has different weather patterns to the rest of the country 299 faced a water crisis as the city s water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of june water saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres 13 us gal per day 300 cape town rejected an offer from israel to help it build desalination plants 301 302 303 304 telecommunications main articles telecommunications in south africa internet in south africa and internet censorship in south africa growth in internet usage among the south african population by year south africa has the most advanced telecommunications sector in africa regulated by the independent communications authority of south africa icasa 305 the country serves as a key regional hub for digital connectivity supported by several major undersea cable systems such as wacs sat 3 seacom and 2africa which link south africa to global networks 306 mobile penetration is among the highest on the continent and internet access continues to expand rapidly across urban and rural areas 305 the mobile communications market is led by major south african operators including vodacom mtn telkom cell c and rain mtn in particular stands out as africa s largest mobile network operator and one of the top ten globally with nearly 290 million users as of 2022 307 south africa offers a full range of network technologies from 2g to 5g with mtn vodacom and rain being the first to launch 5g services on the entire african continent 308 309 while fixed line connections have declined fibre optic broadband is growing quickly through providers such as openserve vumatel frogfoot octotel and metrofibre 310 satellite internet remains available for remote regions though starlink has yet to launch locally due to regulatory restrictions 311 demographics main articles demographics of south africa and list of municipalities in south africa map of population density in south africa 1 km 2 1 3 km 2 3 10 km 2 10 30 km 2 30 100 km 2 100 300 km 2 300 1000 km 2 1000 3000 km 2 3000 km 2 south africa is a nation of about 62 million as of 2022 people of diverse origins cultures languages and religions 8 the last census was held in 2022 with estimates produced on an annual basis according to the united nations world population prospects south africa s total population was 55 3 million in 2015 compared to only 13 6 million in 1950 312 south africa is home to an estimated five million illegal immigrants including some three million zimbabweans 313 314 315 a series of anti immigrant riots occurred beginning in may 2008 316 317 statistics south africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups 318 the 2022 census figures for these groups were black african at 81 coloured at 8 2 white at 7 3 indian or asian at 2 7 and other unspecified at 0 5 8 the first census in 1911 showed that whites made up 22 of the population this had declined to 16 by 1980 319 south africa hosts a sizeable refugee and asylum seeker population according to the world refugee survey 2008 published by the u s committee for refugees and immigrants this population numbered approximately 144 700 in 2007 320 groups of refugees and asylum seekers numbering over 10 000 included people from zimbabwe 48 400 the drc 24 800 and somalia 12 900 320 these populations mainly lived in johannesburg pretoria durban cape town and port elizabeth 320 one online database 321 lists south africa having more than 12 600 cities and towns v t e largest cities or towns in south africa 2016 community survey 322 world urbanization prospects the 2018 revision 323 rank name province pop 1 johannesburg gauteng 9 167 045 2 cape town western cape 4 004 793 3 durban kwazulu natal 3 661 911 4 pretoria gauteng 2 437 000 5 gqeberha eastern cape 1 263 051 6 vereeniging gauteng 957 528 7 soshanguve gauteng 841 000 8 east london eastern cape 810 528 9 bloemfontein free state 759 693 10 pietermaritzburg kwazulu natal 679 766 languages main article languages of south africa map showing the dominant south african languages by area zulu 24 4 xhosa 16 0 afrikaans 13 5 english 9 6 pedi 9 1 tswana 8 0 southern sotho 7 6 tsonga 4 5 swazi 2 5 venda 2 4 southern ndebele 2 1 none dominant areas of little or no population south africa has 12 official languages 6 afrikaans zulu xhosa english pedi 324 tswana southern sotho tsonga swazi venda and southern ndebele in order of first language speakers as well as south african sign language which was recognised as an official language in 2023 6 in this regard it is fourth only to bolivia india and zimbabwe in number while all the languages are formally equal some languages are spoken more than others according to the 2022 census the three most spoken first languages are zulu 24 4 xhosa 16 6 and afrikaans 10 6 8 although english is recognised as the language of commerce and science it is only the fifth most common home language that of only 8 7 of south africans in 2022 nevertheless it has become the de facto lingua franca of the nation 8 estimates based on the 1991 census suggest just under half of south africans could speak english 325 it is the second most commonly spoken language outside of the household after zulu 326 other languages are spoken or were widely used previously including fanagalo khoe lobedu nama northern ndebele and phuthi 327 many of the unofficial languages of the san and khoekhoe peoples contain regional dialects stretching northwards into namibia and botswana and elsewhere these people who are a physically distinct populatio...
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