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f health of all cities in the united states 205 boston is considered highly innovative for a variety of reasons including the presence of academia access to venture capital and the presence of many high tech companies 206 207 the route 128 corridor and greater boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment 208 and high technology remains an important sector 209 with nearly 5 000 startup companies 208 206 210 in the late 2010s to the 2020s the city has been a center of artificial intelligence 211 212 tourism composes a large part of boston s economy with 21 2 million domestic and international visitors spending 8 3 billion in 2011 213 excluding visitors from canada and mexico over 1 4 million international tourists visited boston in 2014 with those from china and the united kingdom leading the list 214 boston s status as a state capital as well as the regional home of federal agencies has rendered law and government to be another major component of the city s economy 215 boston is a major seaport along the east coast of the united states and the oldest continuously operated industrial and fishing port in the western hemisphere 216 in the 2018 global financial centres index boston was ranked as having the 13th most competitive financial services center in the world and the second most competitive in the united states 217 boston based fidelity investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s and has made boston one of the top financial centers in the united states and a center for venture capital firms 218 boston is home to the headquarters of santander bank and state street corporation the latter specializing in asset management and custody services boston is a printing and publishing center 219 houghton mifflin harcourt is headquartered within the city along with bedford st martin s press and beacon press pearson plc publishing units employ several hundred people in boston boston is home to two convention centers the hynes convention center in the back bay and the boston convention and exhibition center on the south boston waterfront 220 boston is home to the headquarters of several major athletic and footwear companies including converse new balance and reebok rockport puma and wolverine world wide inc headquarters or regional offices 221 are just outside the city 222 education edit primary and secondary edit boston latin school established in 1635 is the oldest public high school in the u s boston public schools enroll 57 000 students attending 145 schools including boston latin academy john d o bryant school of math science and the boston latin school the boston latin school was established in 1635 and is the oldest public high school in the us boston also operates the united states second oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school 19 the system s students are 40 hispanic or latino 35 black or african american 13 white and 9 asian 223 there are private parochial and charter schools approximately 3 300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the metropolitan educational opportunity council 224 in september 2019 the city began boston saves a program that provides every child enrolled in the city s kindergarten system a savings account containing 50 to be used toward college or career training 225 colleges and universities edit for a more comprehensive list see list of colleges and universities in metropolitan boston a map of boston area universities harvard business school one of the nation s top business schools 226 several of the highest ranked universities in the world are near boston 227 three universities with a major presence in the city harvard mit and tufts are just outside of boston in the cities of cambridge and somerville known as the brainpower triangle 228 harvard is the nation s oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the charles river in cambridge though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities are in boston its business school and athletics facilities are in boston s allston neighborhood and its medical dental and public health schools are located in the longwood area 229 the massachusetts institute of technology mit originated in boston and was long known as boston tech it moved across the river to cambridge in 1916 230 tufts university s main campus is north of the city in somerville and medford though its medical and dental schools are located in boston s chinatown at tufts medical center 231 greater boston has more than 50 colleges and universities with 250 000 students enrolled in boston and cambridge alone 232 the city s largest private universities include boston university also the city s fourth largest employer 233 with its main campus along commonwealth avenue and a medical campus in the south end northeastern university in the fenway area 234 suffolk university near beacon hill which includes law school and business school 235 and boston college which straddles the boston brighton newton border 236 boston s only public university is the university of massachusetts boston on columbia point in dorchester roxbury community college and bunker hill community college are the city s two public community colleges altogether boston s colleges and universities employ more than 42 600 people accounting for nearly seven percent of the city s workforce 237 five members of the association of american universities are in greater boston more than any other metropolitan area harvard university the massachusetts institute of technology tufts university boston university and brandeis university 238 greater boston contains seven highest research activity r1 universities as per the carnegie classification this includes in addition to the aforementioned five boston college and northeastern university this is by a large margin the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area hospitals universities and research institutions in greater boston received more than 1 77 billion in national institutes of health grants in 2013 more money than any other american metropolitan area 239 this high density of research institutes also contributes to boston s high density of early career researchers which due to high housing costs in the region have been shown to face housing stress 240 241 smaller private colleges include babson college bentley university boston architectural college emmanuel college fisher college mgh institute of health professions massachusetts college of pharmacy and health sciences simmons university wellesley college wentworth institute of technology new england school of law originally established as america s first all female law school 242 and emerson college 243 the region is home to several conservatories and art schools including the new england conservatory the oldest independent conservatory in the united states 244 the boston conservatory and berklee college of music which has made boston an important city for jazz music 245 many trade schools also exist in the city such as the boston career institute the north bennet street school and greater boston joint apprentice training center 246 government edit further information mayor of boston boston city council list of members of boston city council and boston finance commission boston city hall is a brutalist style landmark in the city boston has a strong mayor council government system in which the mayor elected every fourth year has extensive executive power michelle wu became mayor in november 2021 succeeding kim janey who became the acting mayor in march 2021 following marty walsh s confirmation to the position of secretary of labor in the biden harris administration walsh s predecessor thomas menino s twenty year tenure was the longest in boston s history 247 the boston city council is elected every two years there are nine district seats and four citywide at large seats 248 the school committee which oversees the boston public schools is appointed by the mayor 249 boston uses an algorithm called cityscore to measure the effectiveness of city services this score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police fire schools emergency management services and 3 1 1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern 250 the chamber of the massachusetts house of representatives in massachusetts state house in addition to city government numerous commissions and state authorities including the massachusetts department of conservation and recreation the boston public health commission the massachusetts water resources authority mwra and the massachusetts port authority massport play a role in the life of bostonians as the capital of massachusetts boston plays a major role in state politics f the federal reserve bank of boston at 600 atlantic avenue boston has several federal facilities including the john f kennedy federal office building the thomas p o neill jr federal building the john w mccormack post office and courthouse and the federal reserve bank of boston 253 the united states court of appeals for the first circuit and the united states district court for the district of massachusetts are housed in the john joseph moakley united states courthouse 254 255 federally boston is split between two congressional districts three fourths of boston is in the 7th district and is represented by ayanna pressley the remaining southern fourth is in the 8th district and is represented by stephen lynch 256 both are democrats a republican has not represented a significant portion of boston in over a century the state s senior member of the united states senate is democrat elizabeth warren first elected in 2012 257 the state s junior member of the united states senate is democrat ed markey who was elected in 2013 to succeed john kerry after kerry s appointment and confirmation as the united states secretary of state 258 voter registration and party enrollment as of october 26 2024 boston 259 party number of voters percentage democratic 174 046 39 69 republican 18 673 4 26 unenrolled 241 970 55 18 political designations 1 140 0 26 total 438 498 100 presidential election results 260 year democratic republican 2024 76 7 201 628 19 7 51 808 2020 82 6 242 717 15 5 45 425 2016 80 6 221 093 13 9 38 087 2012 78 8 200 190 19 3 48 985 2008 78 9 185 976 19 3 45 548 2004 77 3 160 884 21 4 44 518 2000 71 7 132 393 19 7 36 389 1996 73 8 125 529 19 6 33 366 1992 62 4 114 260 22 9 41 868 1988 65 2 122 349 33 2 62 202 1984 63 4 131 745 36 2 75 311 1980 53 3 95 133 32 9 58 656 public safety edit further information boston police department boston fire department and boston emergency medical services a boston police cruiser on beacon street boston included 414 million in spending on the boston police department in the fiscal 2021 budget this is the second largest allocation of funding by the city after the allocation to boston public schools 261 like many major american cities boston has experienced a great reduction in violent crime since the early 1990s boston s low crime rate since the 1990s has been credited to the boston police department s collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs as well as involvement from the united states attorney and district attorney s offices this helped lead in part to what has been touted as the boston miracle murders in boston dropped from 152 in 1990 a murder rate of 26 5 per 100 000 people to 31 not one of them a juvenile in 1999 for a murder rate of 5 26 per 100 000 262 according to the uniform crime reporting ucr program in 2022 boston had 3 955 reported violent crimes which include homicide rape robbery and aggravated assault and 11 514 reported property crimes which include arson burglary larceny theft and motor vehicle theft with a violent crime rate of 608 7 per 100 000 people the city s violent crime rate is higher than massachusetts rate of 322 per 100 000 people and the national rate of 380 7 per 100 000 people while boston s property crime rate at 1 772 0 per 100 000 people is higher than massachusetts property crime rate of 1 070 1 per 100 000 people it is lower than the national property crime rate of 1 954 4 per 100 000 people 263 g culture edit main article culture in boston further information list of annual events in boston list of arts organizations in boston list of public art in boston sites of interest in boston and list of songs about boston old state house a museum on the freedom trail near the site of the boston massacre in the 19th century the old corner bookstore became a gathering place for writers including emerson thoreau and margaret fuller james russell lowell printed the first editions of the atlantic monthly at the store symphony hall at 301 massachusetts avenue home of the boston symphony orchestra museum of fine arts at 465 huntington avenue boston shares many cultural roots with greater new england including a dialect of the non rhotic eastern new england accent known as the boston accent 265 and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood salt and dairy products 266 boston also has its own collection of neologisms known as boston slang and sardonic humor 267 in the early 1800s william tudor wrote that boston was perhaps the most perfect and certainly the best regulated democracy that ever existed there is something so impossible in the immortal fame of athens that the very name makes everything modern shrink from comparison but since the days of that glorious city i know of none that has approached so near in some points distant as it may still be from that illustrious model 268 from this boston has been called the athens of america also a nickname of philadelphia 269 for its literary culture earning a reputation as the intellectual capital of the united states 270 in the 19th century ralph waldo emerson henry david thoreau nathaniel hawthorne margaret fuller james russell lowell and henry wadsworth longfellow wrote in boston some consider the old corner bookstore to be the cradle of american literature the place where these writers met and where the atlantic monthly was first published 271 in 1852 the boston public library was founded as the first free library in the united states 270 boston s literary culture continues today thanks to the city s many universities and the boston book festival 272 273 music is afforded a high degree of civic support in boston the boston symphony orchestra is one of the big five a group of the greatest american orchestras and the classical music magazine gramophone called it one of the world s best orchestras 274 symphony hall west of back bay is home to the boston symphony orchestra and the related boston youth symphony orchestra which is the largest youth orchestra in the nation 275 and to the boston pops orchestra other concerts are held at the new england conservatory s jordan hall the boston ballet perfo...
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