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a visual display support electronics power supply housing electrical connectors and external user controls the display in modern monitors is typically an lcd with led backlight having by the 2010s replaced ccfl backlit lcds before the mid 2000s most monitors used a cathode ray tube crt as the image output technology 1 a monitor is typically connected to its host computer via displayport hdmi usb c dvi or vga monitors sometimes use other proprietary connectors and signals to connect to a computer which is less common originally computer monitors were used for data processing while television sets were used for video from the 1980s onward computers and their monitors have been used for both data processing and video while television sets have implemented some computer functionality since 2010 the typical display aspect ratio of both televisions and computer monitors changed from 4 3 to 16 9 1 modern computer monitors are often functionally interchangeable with television sets and vice versa as most computer monitors do not include integrated speakers tv tuners or remote controls external components such as a dta box may be needed to use a computer monitor as a tv set 2 3 history edit early electronic computer front panels were fitted with an array of light bulbs where the state of each particular bulb would indicate the on off state of a particular register bit inside the computer this allowed the engineers operating the computer to monitor the internal state of the machine so this panel of lights came to be known as the monitor as early monitors were only capable of displaying a very limited amount of information and were very transient they were rarely considered for program output instead a line printer was the primary output device while the monitor was limited to keeping track of the program s operation 4 computer monitors were formerly known as visual display units vdu particularly in british english 5 this term mostly fell out of use by the 1990s technologies edit further information comparison of crt lcd plasma and oled displays and history of display technology multiple technologies have been used for computer monitors until the 21st century most used cathode ray tubes but they have largely been superseded by lcd monitors cathode ray tube edit main article cathode ray tube the first computer monitors used cathode ray tubes crts prior to the advent of home computers in the late 1970s it was common for a video display terminal vdt using a crt to be physically integrated with a keyboard and other components of the workstation in a single large chassis typically limiting them to emulation of a paper teletypewriter thus the early epithet of glass tty the display was monochromatic and far less sharp and detailed than on a modern monitor necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely limiting the amount of information that could be displayed at one time high resolution crt displays were developed for specialized military 6 industrial and scientific applications but they were far too costly for general use wider commercial use became possible after the release of a slow but affordable tektronix 4010 terminal in 1972 some of the earliest home computers such as the trs 80 and commodore pet were limited to monochrome crt displays but color display capability was already a possible feature for a few mos 6500 series based machines such as introduced in 1977 apple ii computer or atari 2600 console and the color output was a specialty of the more graphically sophisticated atari 8 bit computers introduced in 1979 either computer could be connected to the antenna terminals of an ordinary color tv set or used with a purpose made crt color monitor for optimum resolution and color quality lagging several years behind in 1981 ibm introduced the color graphics adapter which could display four colors with a resolution of 320 200 pixels or it could produce 640 200 pixels with two colors in 1984 ibm introduced the enhanced graphics adapter which was capable of producing 16 colors and had a resolution of 640 350 7 by the end of the 1980s color progressive scan crt monitors were widely available and increasingly affordable while the sharpest prosumer monitors could clearly display high definition video against the backdrop of efforts at hdtv standardization from the 1970s to the 1980s failing continuously leaving consumer sdtvs to stagnate increasingly far behind the capabilities of computer crt monitors well into the 2000s during the following decade maximum display resolutions gradually increased and prices continued to fall as crt technology remained dominant in the pc monitor market into the new millennium partly because it remained cheaper to produce 8 crts still offer color grayscale motion and latency advantages over today s lcds but improvements to the latter have made them much less obvious the dynamic range of early lcd panels was very poor and although text and other motionless graphics were sharper than on a crt an lcd characteristic known as pixel lag caused moving graphics to appear noticeably smeared and blurry liquid crystal display edit main articles liquid crystal display and thin film transistor liquid crystal display there are multiple technologies that have been used to implement liquid crystal displays lcd throughout the 1990s the primary use of lcd technology as computer monitors was in laptops where the lower power consumption lighter weight and smaller physical size of lcds justified the higher price versus a crt commonly the same laptop would be offered with an assortment of display options at increasing price points active or passive monochrome passive color or active matrix color tft as volume and manufacturing capability have improved the monochrome and passive color technologies were dropped from most product lines tft lcd is a variant of lcd which is now the dominant technology used for computer monitors 9 the first standalone lcds appeared in the mid 1990s selling for high prices as prices declined they became more popular and by 1997 were competing with crt monitors among the first desktop lcd computer monitors were the eizo flexscan l66 in the mid 1990s the sgi 1600sw apple studio display and the viewsonic vp140 10 in 1998 in 2003 lcds outsold crts for the first time becoming the primary technology used for computer monitors 8 the physical advantages of lcd over crt monitors are that lcds are lighter smaller and consume less power in terms of performance lcds produce less or no flicker reducing eyestrain 11 sharper image at native resolution and better checkerboard contrast on the other hand crt monitors have superior blacks viewing angles and response time can use arbitrary lower resolutions without aliasing and flicker can be reduced with higher refresh rates 12 though this flicker can also be used to reduce motion blur compared to less flickery displays such as most lcds 13 many specialized fields such as vision science remain dependent on crts the best lcd monitors having achieved moderate temporal accuracy and so can be used only if their poor spatial accuracy is unimportant 14 high dynamic range hdr 12 has been implemented into high end lcd monitors to improve grayscale accuracy since around the late 2000s widescreen lcd monitors have become popular in part due to television series motion pictures and video games transitioning to widescreen which makes squarer monitors unsuited to display them correctly organic light emitting diode edit main article organic light emitting diode organic light emitting diode oled monitors provide most of the benefits of both lcd and crt monitors with few of their drawbacks though much like plasma panels or crts they suffer from burn in and are comparatively more expensive measurements of performance edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2020 learn how and when to remove this message the performance of a monitor is measured by the following parameters display geometry viewable image size is usually measured diagonally but the actual widths and heights are more informative since they are not affected by the aspect ratio in the same way for crts the viewable size is typically 1 in 25 mm smaller than the tube itself aspect ratio is the ratio of the horizontal length to the vertical length monitors usually have the aspect ratio 4 3 5 4 16 10 or 16 9 radius of curvature for curved monitors is the radius that a circle would have if it had the same curvature as the display this value is typically given in millimeters but expressed with the letter r instead of a unit for example a display with 3800r curvature has a 3800 mm radius of curvature 15 display resolution is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed natively for a given display size maximum resolution is limited by dot pitch or dpi dot pitch represents the distance between the primary elements of the display typically averaged across it in nonuniform displays a related unit is pixel pitch in lcds pixel pitch is the distance between the center of two adjacent pixels in crts pixel pitch is defined as the distance between subpixels of the same color dot pitch is the reciprocal of pixel density pixel density is a measure of how densely packed the pixels on a display are in lcds pixel density is the number of pixels in one linear unit along the display typically measured in pixels per inch px in or ppi color characteristics luminance measured in candelas per square meter cd m 2 also called a nit contrast ratio is the ratio of the luminosity of the brightest color white to that of the darkest color black that the monitor is capable of producing simultaneously for example a ratio of 20 000 1 means that the brightest shade white is 20 000 times brighter than its darkest shade black dynamic contrast ratio is measured with the lcd backlight turned off ansi contrast is with both black and white simultaneously adjacent onscreen color depth measured in bits per primary color or bits for all colors those with 10 bpc bits per channel or more can display more shades of color approximately 1 billion shades than traditional 8 bpc monitors approximately 16 8 million shades or colors and can do so more precisely without having to resort to dithering gamut measured as a subset of the cie 1931 color space srgb and adobe rgb have different gamuts with adobe rgb able to show a wider range of color than srgb color accuracy measured in δe delta e the lower the δe the more accurate the color representation a δe of below 1 is imperceptible to the human eye a δe of 2 4 is considered good and requires a sensitive eye to spot the difference viewing angle is the maximum angle at which images on the monitor can be viewed without subjectively excessive degradation to the image it is measured in degrees horizontally and vertically input speed characteristics refresh rate is in crts the number of times in a second that the display is illuminated the number of times a second a raster scan is completed in lcds it is the number of times the image can be changed per second expressed in hertz hz determines the maximum number of frames per second fps a monitor is capable of showing maximum refresh rate is limited by response time response time is the time a pixel in a monitor takes to change between two shades the particular shades depend on the test procedure which differs between manufacturers in general lower numbers mean faster transitions and therefore fewer visible image artifacts such as ghosting grey to grey gtg measured in milliseconds ms input latency is the time it takes for a monitor to display an image after receiving it typically measured in milliseconds ms power consumption is measured in watts size edit main article display size the area height and width of displays with identical diagonal measurements vary dependent on aspect ratio on two dimensional display devices such as computer monitors the display size or viewable image size is the actual amount of screen space that is available to display a picture video or working space without obstruction from the bezel or other aspects of the unit s design the main measurements for display devices are width height total area and the diagonal the size of a display is usually given by manufacturers diagonally i e as the distance between two opposite screen corners this method of measurement is inherited from the method used for the first generation of crt television when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use being circular it was the external diameter of the glass envelope that described their size since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images the diagonal measurement of the rectangular image was smaller than the diameter of the tube s face due to the thickness of the glass this method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4 3 with the introduction of flat panel technology the diagonal measurement became the actual diagonal of the visible display this meant that an eighteen inch lcd had a larger viewable area than an eighteen inch cathode ray tube estimation of monitor size by the distance between opposite corners does not take into account the display aspect ratio so that for example a 16 9 21 inch 53 cm widescreen display has less area than a 21 inch 53 cm 4 3 screen the 4 3 screen has dimensions of 16 8 in 12 6 in 43 cm 32 cm and an area 211 sq in 1 360 cm 2 while the widescreen is 18 3 in 10 3 in 46 cm 26 cm 188 sq in 1 210 cm 2 aspect ratio edit main article display aspect ratio until about 2001 most computer monitors had a 4 3 aspect ratio and some had 5 4 or 8 7 between 2001 and 2006 monitors with 16 9 and mostly 16 10 8 5 aspect ratios became commonly available first in laptops and later also in standalone monitors reasons for this transition included productive uses i e field of view in video games and movie viewing such as the word processor display of two standard letter pages side by side as well as cad displays of large size drawings and application menus at the same time 16 17 in 2008 16 10 became the most common sold aspect ratio for lcd monitors and the same year 16 10 was the mainstream standard for laptops and notebook computers 18 in 2010 the computer industry started to move over from 16 10 to 16 9 because 16 9 was chosen to be the standard high definition television display size and because they were cheaper to manufacture 19 in 2011 non widescreen displays with 4 3 aspect ratios were only being manufactured in small quantities according to samsung this was because the demand for the old square monitors has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years and i predict that by the end of 2011 production o...
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