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ail is also a major industry with south africa having africa s largest retail market and ranking sixth globally by total number of shopping centres 239 other major services include real estate business services and outsourcing manufacturing accounts for around 13 of gdp with the country having the world s 41st largest manufacturing output 240 south africa has africa s most advanced and diversified manufacturing sector 241 producing motor vehicles chemicals steel machinery mining equipment food and beverages textiles and military equipment 242 the automotive industry is a major component with toyota volkswagen bmw ford mercedes benz and nissan operating large scale assembly plants in the country 243 making south africa africa s largest motor vehicle producer with more than 600 000 vehicles manufactured annually 244 mining remains one of south africa s most important industries contributing around 7 8 of gdp and accounting for more than half of merchandise exports making it the world s fifth largest mining economy by contribution to gdp 245 south africa was the world s leading gold producer for much of the 20th century and remains the largest producer of platinum 246 chromium 247 manganese 248 and vanadium 249 while also ranking among the world s top 10 producers of coal iron ore diamonds uranium titanium and gold 250 the country possesses some of the world s largest mineral reserves 245 including approximately 88 of global platinum group metal reserves 80 of manganese reserves and 72 of chromite reserves 251 agriculture contributes approximately 2 3 of gdp but remains important to employment food security rural development and exports 252 south africa has a diverse agricultural sector and is a major exporter of farm products it is the world s largest producer of mohair and ostrich meat while ranking among the leading global producers of citrus fruit grapes wine maize wool sugar deciduous fruit and livestock products 253 254 255 approximately half of the country s agricultural production is exported making south africa one of the southern hemisphere s leading agricultural exporters 256 tourism main article tourism in south africa cape town s cbd and table mountain viewed from the v a waterfront the city is south africa s tourism capital and a leading tech hub in africa 257 south africa is one of africa s leading tourist destinations with tourism forming an important component of the wider services sector and national economy 258 the sector contributes approximately 5 8 of its gdp and supports around 1 8 million jobs 259 representing more than 10 of national employment 260 261 in 2024 south africa welcomed approximately 8 9 million international visitors through its various ports of entry while in 2025 it was ranked among the world s leading travel destinations and the highest rated destination in africa and the indian ocean region by the daily telegraph 262 south africa is renowned for its diverse landscapes abundant wildlife and rich cultural heritage the country is home to some of africa s most recognisable natural attractions including kruger national park one of the continent s largest and most visited game reserves table mountain one of the new7wonders of nature the garden route the drakensberg mountain range blyde river canyon and the beaches of the western cape and kwazulu natal provinces safari tourism remains one of the country s principal attractions supported by an extensive network of national parks private game reserves and marine protected areas the country s major cities also attract millions of visitors each year cape town consistently ranked as the world s most beautiful city is south africa s leading tourist destination and is renowned for landmarks such as the v a waterfront table mountain cape point and the nearby cape winelands johannesburg is the country s commercial centre and is home to attractions including the apartheid museum constitution hill and gold reef city while durban is known for its subtropical climate beaches and the golden mile waterfront promenade wine tourism has become a major industry with the vineyards of stellenbosch franschhoek and paarl ranking among the most visited destinations in the southern hemisphere 263 south africa has twelve unesco world heritage sites reflecting its exceptional natural and cultural significance these include robben island the cradle of humankind isimangaliso wetland park the cape floral region protected areas mapungubwe national park the maloti drakensberg park and the richtersveld cultural and botanical landscape 28 science and technology main article science and technology in south africa mark shuttleworth in space several important scientific and technological developments have originated in south africa the first human to human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon christiaan barnard at groote schuur hospital in december 1967 max theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever allan macleod cormack pioneered x ray computed tomography ct scan and aaron klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques cormack and klug received nobel prizes for their work sydney brenner won in 2002 for his pioneering work in molecular biology mark shuttleworth founded thawte an early internet security company pioneering digital certificates and online security 264 south africa was ranked 61st in the global innovation index in 2025 reflecting its continued scientific and technological capabilities 265 266 south africa has a burgeoning astronomy community and hosts the southern african large telescope the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere and the meerkat radio telescope a precursor to the 1 5 billion square kilometre array project 267 the south african national space agency sansa established in 2010 oversees the country s space activities south africa launched its first locally developed satellite sunsat in 1999 and had africa s second highest number of satellites in space with 13 as of 2025 behind egypt with 14 268 south africa is also the continent s leading satellite developer with a high proportion of satellite components and systems developed locally 269 270 south africa has also made significant contributions to military technology the country pioneered mine resistant vehicle designs including the buffel and casspir which established the use of v shaped hulls to protect occupants from landmines and later influenced modern mrap vehicles 271 south africa also pioneered the operational use of helmet mounted sight technology on combat aircraft successfully integrating a locally developed system with air to air missiles on mirage fighters in 1975 272 273 infrastructure see also housing in south africa transport main article transport in south africa a gautrain higher speed express commuter rail at o r tambo international airport johannesburg south africa has the largest and most extensive transport infrastructure in africa comprising an integrated network of roads railways airports seaports and pipelines the country has approximately 750 000 kilometres 470 000 mi of roads making it the largest road network in africa and the 12th largest in the world the south african national roads agency sanral manages the national road system 274 including major highways such as the n1 n2 n3 and n4 which connect the country s principal cities and form part of transcontinental routes such as the cape to cairo highway 275 the railway network extends approximately 36 000 kilometres 23 700 mi making it the largest in africa and the seventh largest in the world 276 freight services are operated primarily by transnet freight rail 277 while commuter rail services are provided by the passenger rail agency of south africa prasa the gautrain rapid rail system links johannesburg and pretoria providing the country s only higher speed rail service 278 south africa has more than 1 500 airports 279 among the highest numbers in the world and the greatest of any african country o r tambo international airport in johannesburg is the largest and busiest airport in africa 280 serving as the country s principal international gateway while cape town international king shaka international and chief dawid stuurman international airports are other major hubs 281 south africa also has the continent s largest and most developed aviation market 282 served by airlines including south african airways airlink flysafair cemair and lift 283 south africa s maritime sector is centred on the commercial ports of durban cape town gqeberha richards bay saldanha bay and east london 284 the port of durban is the busiest container port in sub saharan africa and the fourth largest in the southern hemisphere while the port of richards bay is one of the world s largest bulk export facilities 285 port infrastructure is managed by the transnet national ports authority which plays a central role in supporting domestic logistics and international trade 286 energy main article energy in south africa the koeberg nuclear power station in cape town africa s first and only commercial nuclear power plant south africa has the largest and most advanced energy sector in africa and is the world s 22nd largest producer of electricity the sector is dominated by the state owned utility eskom africa s largest power company 287 which generates approximately 90 of the country s electricity and is a major participant in the southern african power pool the regional electricity market south africa remains heavily reliant on coal 288 producing more than 200 million tonnes annually making it the world s seventh largest coal producer around 90 of the coal consumed on the african continent is mined in south africa 289 which is also one of the world s 15 largest greenhouse gas emitters 290 the south african electricity grid has an installed capacity of around 60 gw 291 in 2024 electricity generation was sourced from coal approximately 80 83 renewable energy from wind solar and hydroelectricity 9 13 nuclear power around 4 and other sources including gas diesel and pumped storage 4 6 292 major generating facilities include the kusile medupi majuba and kendal coal fired power stations while the koeberg nuclear power station is africa s first and only commercial nuclear power plant despite its substantial installed capacity south africa was embroiled in a prolonged energy crisis during the 2010s and early 2020s resulting in recurring load shedding 293 following the stabilisation of the electricity system in 2024 294 government policy now focuses on diversifying the electricity mix through the integrated resource plan 2025 295 which targets 105 gw of new generation capacity by 2039 and represents an investment of approximately r2 2 trillion us 120 billion making it the single largest investment programme in south africa s post apartheid history 296 the plan invites independent power producers to contribute to the expansion with the projected 2039 generation mix consisting of coal 27 wind power 24 grid connected solar power 18 rooftop solar 10 nuclear power 5 hydroelectricity 4 diesel 4 5 and other sources 7 5 representing a substantial shift away from coal 295 296 water supply and sanitation main article water supply and sanitation in south africa the blyde river dam in mpumalanga two distinctive features of the south african water sector are the policy of free basic water and the existence of water boards which are bulk water supply agencies that operate pipelines and sell water from reservoirs to municipalities these features have led to significant problems concerning the financial sustainability of service providers leading to a lack of attention to maintenance following the end of apartheid the country had made improvements in the levels of access to water as those with access increased from 66 to 79 from 1990 to 2010 297 sanitation access increased from 71 to 79 during the same period 297 however water supply and sanitation has come under increasing pressure in recent years despite a commitment made by the government to improve service standards and provide investment subsidies to the water industry 298 the eastern parts of south africa suffer from periodic droughts linked to the el niño weather phenomenon 299 in early 2018 cape town which has different weather patterns to the rest of the country 299 faced a water crisis as the city s water supply was predicted to run dry before the end of june water saving measures were in effect that required each citizen to use less than 50 litres 13 us gal per day 300 cape town rejected an offer from israel to help it build desalination plants 301 302 303 304 telecommunications main articles telecommunications in south africa internet in south africa and internet censorship in south africa growth in internet usage among the south african population by year south africa has the most advanced telecommunications sector in africa regulated by the independent communications authority of south africa icasa 305 the country serves as a key regional hub for digital connectivity supported by several major undersea cable systems such as wacs sat 3 seacom and 2africa which link south africa to global networks 306 mobile penetration is among the highest on the continent and internet access continues to expand rapidly across urban and rural areas 305 the mobile communications market is led by major south african operators including vodacom mtn telkom cell c and rain mtn in particular stands out as africa s largest mobile network operator and one of the top ten globally with nearly 290 million users as of 2022 307 south africa offers a full range of network technologies from 2g to 5g with mtn vodacom and rain being the first to launch 5g services on the entire african continent 308 309 while fixed line connections have declined fibre optic broadband is growing quickly through providers such as openserve vumatel frogfoot octotel and metrofibre 310 satellite internet remains available for remote regions though starlink has yet to launch locally due to regulatory restrictions 311 demographics main articles demographics of south africa and list of municipalities in south africa map of population density in south africa 1 km 2 1 3 km 2 3 10 km 2 10 30 km 2 30 100 km 2 100 300 km 2 300 1000 km 2 1000 3000 km 2 3000 km 2 south africa is a nation of about 62 million as of 2022 people of diverse origins cultures languages and religions 8 the last census was held in 2022 with estimates produced on an annual basis according to the united nations world population prospects south africa s total population was 55 3 million in 2015 compared to only 13 6 million in 1950 312 south africa is home to an estimated five million illegal immigrants including some three million zimbabweans 313 314 315 a series of anti immigrant riots occurred beginning in may 2008 316 317 statistics south africa asks people to describe themselves in the census in terms of five racial population groups 318 the 2022 c...
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