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rapidly and had a population of over 123 000 it retained its county borough status until 1974 56 clarification needed city and capital city status edit main article capital of wales st john the baptist church cardiff the only medieval building next to cardiff castle to still be in city centre seen here in 1852 national museum of wales cardiff king edward vii granted cardiff city status on 28 october 1905 57 it acquired a roman catholic cathedral in 1916 later more national institutions came to the city including the national museum of wales the welsh national war memorial and the university of wales registry building but it was denied the national library of wales partly because the library s founder sir john williams considered cardiff to have a non welsh population 49 following a brief post war boom cardiff docks entered a prolonged decline in the interwar period by 1936 trade was at less than half its value in 1913 reflecting the slump in demand for welsh coal 49 bomb damage in the cardiff blitz of world war ii included the devastation of llandaff cathedral and in the immediate postwar years the city s link with the bute family came to an end on 20 december 1955 in reply to a question in the house of commons the home secretary gwilym lloyd george said that due to the volume of support for the idea in wales the government would regard cardiff as the capital city of wales a step that would not require formal recognition 58 caernarfon had also vied for the title 59 welsh local authorities had been divided only 76 out of 161 chose cardiff in a 1924 poll organised by the south wales daily news 60 the subject was not debated again until 1950 and meanwhile cardiff took steps to promote its welshness the stalemate between cardiff and towns such as caernarfon and aberystwyth was not broken until cardiganshire county council decided to support cardiff and in a new local authority vote 134 out of 161 voted for cardiff 60 cardiff therefore celebrated two important anniversaries in 2005 the encyclopedia of wales notes that the decision to regard the city as the capital of wales had more to do with the fact that it contained marginal conservative constituencies than any reasoned view of what functions a welsh capital should have although the city hosted the commonwealth games in 1958 cardiff became a centre of national administration only with the establishment of the welsh office in 1964 which later prompted the creation of various other public bodies such as the arts council of wales and the welsh development agency most of which were based in cardiff redevelopment in the city s historic cardiff bay area the east moors steelworks closed in 1978 and cardiff lost population in the 1980s 61 consistent with a wider pattern of counter urbanisation in britain however it recovered to become one of the few cities outside london where population grew in the 1990s 62 during this period the cardiff bay development corporation was promoting the redevelopment of south cardiff an evaluation of the regeneration of cardiff bay published in 2004 concluded that the project had reinforced the competitive position of cardiff and contributed to a massive improvement in the quality of the built environment although it had failed to attract the major inward investors originally anticipated 63 in the 1997 welsh devolution referendum cardiff voters rejected the establishment of the national assembly for wales by 55 4 to 44 2 on a 47 turnout which denis balsom partly ascribed to a general preference in cardiff and some other parts of wales for a british rather than exclusively welsh identity 64 65 the relative lack of local support for the assembly and difficulties between the welsh office and cardiff council in acquiring the originally preferred venue cardiff city hall encouraged other local authorities to bid to house the assembly 66 67 however the assembly was eventually located at tŷ hywel in cardiff bay in 1999 in 2005 a new debating chamber on an adjacent site designed by richard rogers was opened government edit main article politics in cardiff see also cardiff council and senedd offices of the welsh and uk governments in cardiff the hq of the welsh government in the crown buildings cathays park cardiff the hq of the uk government s secretary of state for wales in william morgan house the senedd welsh parliament welsh senedd cymru has been based in cardiff bay since its formation in 1999 as the national assembly for wales the senedd building was opened on 1 march 2006 by the queen 68 the members of the senedd mss the senedd commission and ministerial support staff are based in cardiff bay cardiff is represented by twelve mss in two constituencies caerdydd ffynnon taf and caerdydd penarth these constituencies for the senedd are formed by pairing up the westminster constituencies each constituency returns six members to the senedd the most recent senedd election was held on 7 may 2026 caerdydd ffynnon taf is represented by zaynub akbar plaid cymru nick carter plaid cymru dafydd trystan davies plaid cymru cai parry jones reform uk shav taj welsh labour and paul rock wales green party 69 caerdydd penarth is represented by anna brychan plaid cymru leticia gonzalez plaid cymru kiera marshall plaid cymru joseph martin reform uk anthony slaughter wales green party and huw thomas welsh labour 70 map of the four westminster constituencies covering cardiff in pink since 2024 1 cardiff west 2 cardiff north 3 cardiff south and penarth 4 cardiff east at westminster cardiff is represented by four constituencies cardiff east cardiff north cardiff south and penarth and cardiff west the welsh government is headquartered in cardiff s cathays park where most of its civil servants are based with smaller numbers in other central locations cathays canton and cardiff bay 71 there are other welsh government offices in other parts of wales such as llandudno and aberystwyth and there are international offices 72 local government edit cardiff council buildings city hall is home to some of the council s departments and council chambers county hall is the head office between 1889 and 1974 cardiff was a county borough governed by cardiff county borough council known as cardiff city council after 1905 between 1974 and 1996 cardiff was governed by cardiff city council a district council of south glamorgan since local government reorganisation in 1996 cardiff has been governed by the city and county council of cardiff based at county hall in atlantic wharf cardiff bay voters elect 75 councillors every four years between the 2004 and 2012 local elections no individual political party held a majority on cardiff county council the liberal democrats held the largest number of seats and cllr rodney berman was leader of the council 73 the liberal democrats and plaid cymru formed a partnership administration 74 in the 2012 elections the labour party achieved an outright majority after gaining an additional 33 seats across the city cardiff is divided into communities several with their own community council and the rest governed directly by cardiff city council elections are held every five years the last contested elections would have been held at the same time as the 2017 cardiff council election had there been more candidates standing than available seats those with community councils are lisvane 10 seats 75 old st mellons 9 seats 76 pentyrch 13 seats 77 radyr morganstown 13 seats 78 tongwynlais 9 seats 79 st fagans 9 seats 80 geography edit main article geography of cardiff the centre of cardiff is relatively flat and bounded by hills to the east north and west its location influenced its development as the world s largest coal port notably its proximity and easy access to the coalfields of the south wales valleys the highest point in the local authority area is garth hill 307 m 1 007 ft above sea level cardiff is built on reclaimed marshland on a bed of triassic stones this reclaimed marshland stretches from chepstow to the ely estuary 81 which is the natural boundary of cardiff and the vale of glamorgan triassic landscapes of this part of the world are usually shallow and low lying consistent with the flatness of the centre of cardiff 82 the classic triassic marl sand and conglomerate rocks are used predominantly throughout cardiff as building materials many of these triassic rocks are purplish especially the coastal marl found near penarth one of the triassic rocks used in cardiff is radyr stone a freestone which as its name suggests is quarried in the radyr district 83 cardiff has also imported some materials for buildings devonian sandstones the old red sandstone from the brecon beacons has been used most famously the buildings of cathays park the civic centre in the centre of the city are built of portland stone from dorset 84 a widely used building stone in cardiff is the yellow grey liassic limestone rock of the vale of glamorgan including the rare sutton stone a conglomerate of lias limestone and carboniferous limestone 85 cardiff is bordered to the west by the rural district of the vale of glamorgan also known as the garden of cardiff 86 to the east by the city of newport to the north by the south wales valleys and to the south by the severn estuary and bristol channel the river taff winds through the city centre and together with the river ely flows into the freshwater cardiff bay a third river the rhymney flows through the east of the city directly into the severn estuary cardiff lies near the glamorgan heritage coast stretching westward from penarth and barry commuter towns of cardiff with striped yellow blue jurassic limestone cliffs the glamorgan coast is the only part of the celtic sea with exposed jurassic blue lias geology this stretch of coast with its reefs sandbanks and serrated cliffs was a ship graveyard many ships sailing to cardiff during the industrial era were wrecked on this hostile coastline during west south westerly gales smuggling deliberate shipwrecking and attacks on ships were also common 87 cityscape edit see also list of places in cardiff overlooking cardiff bay viewed from penarth cathays library the dock feeder canal atlantic wharf inner cardiff consists of the wards of plasnewydd gabalfa roath cathays adamsdown and splott ward on the north and east of the city centre and butetown grangetown riverside and canton to the south and west 88 the inner city areas to the south of the a4161 road known as the southern arc are with the exception of cardiff bay some of the poorest districts of wales with low levels of economic activity 89 on the other hand gabalfa plasnewydd and cathays north of the arc have large student populations 90 and pontcanna north of riverside and alongside canton is a favourite for students and young professionals penylan to the north east of roath park is an affluent area popular with older parents and the retired to the west lie ely and caerau which have some of the largest housing estates in the united kingdom with the exception of some outlying privately built estates at michaelston super ely this is an economically disadvantaged area with high numbers of unemployed households culverhouse cross is a more affluent western area of the city fairwater heath birchgrove gabalfa mynachdy llandaff north llandaff llanishen radyr whitchurch tongwynlais rhiwbina thornhill lisvane and cyncoed lie in an arc from the north west to the north east of the centre lisvane cyncoed radyr and rhiwbina contain some of the most expensive housing in wales further east lie the wards of pontprennau and old st mellons st mellons rumney pentwyn llanrumney llanedeyrn and trowbridge the last four are largely public housing stock although much new private housing is being built in trowbridge pontprennau is the newest suburb of cardiff while old st mellons has a history going back to the 11th century norman conquest 91 the region that may be called rural cardiff contains the villages of st fagans creigiau pentyrch tongwynlais and gwaelod y garth 92 in 2017 plans were approved for a new suburb of 7 000 homes between radyr and st fagans known as plasdŵr 93 st fagans home to the museum of welsh life is protected from further development 94 since 2000 there has been a marked change of scale and building height in cardiff with the development of the city centre s first purpose built high rise apartments 95 tall buildings have been built in the city centre and cardiff bay and more are planned 96 climate edit see also climate of the united kingdom wales cardiff climate chart explanation j f m a m j j a s o n d 127 9 3 93 9 3 85 11 4 72 14 6 79 17 9 74 20 11 84 22 13 105 21 13 86 19 11 129 15 8 131 12 5 140 9 3 average max and min temperatures in c precipitation totals in mm source met office 1991 2020 averages imperial conversion j f m a m j j a s o n d 5 47 37 3 7 49 37 3 4 52 39 2 8 58 42 3 1 63 47 2 9 68 52 3 3 71 56 4 1 71 55 3 4 66 51 5 1 60 46 5 1 53 41 5 5 48 37 average max and min temperatures in f precipitation totals in inches cardiff in the north temperate zone has a maritime climate köppen cfb marked by mild weather that is often cloudy wet and windy 97 cardiff is one of the warmest and wettest cities in the uk with an average annual temperature and rainfall of approximately 11 c and 1200mm respectively summers tend to be warm and sunny with average maxima between 19 and 22 c 66 and 72 f winters are fairly wet but excessive rainfall as well as frost are rare spring and autumn feel similar with mild temperatures averaging around 15 c as daytime maxima rain is unpredictable at any time of year although showers tend to be shorter in summer 98 the northern part of the county being higher and inland tends to be cooler and wetter than the city centre 99 cardiff s maximum and minimum monthly temperatures average 21 8 c 71 2 f july and 2 5 c 36 5 f january and february for wales the temperatures average 19 3 c 66 7 f july and 1 6 c 34 9 f february 100 101 cardiff has 1 573 hours of sunshine in an average year wales 1 407 5 hours cardiff is sunniest in july with an average 199 6 hours during the month wales 177 hours and least sunny in december with 50 4 hours wales 41 4 hours 100 101 cardiff experiences less rainfall than average for wales it falls on 153 days in an average year with total annual rainfall of 1 203 3 mm 47 37 in monthly rainfall patterns show that from october to january average monthly rainfall in cardiff exceeds 100 mm 3 9 in each month the wettest month being december with 139 6 mm 5 50 in and the driest from april to june with average monthly rainfall fairly consistent between 70 and 80 mm 2 8 and 3 1 in 100 101 climate data for cardiff bute park wmo id 99610 coordinates 51 29 17 n 3 11 19 w 51 48818 n 3 18859 w 51 48818 3 18859 met office bute park elevation 9 m 30 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1913 present b month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 15 0 59 0 18 3 64 9 21 6 70 9 26 9 80 4 32 9 91 2...
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