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s sent to live with his teacher in santiago de cuba 5 before being baptized into the catholic church at the age of eight 6 his baptism allowed castro to attend the la salle boarding school in santiago and was later sent to the jesuit run dolores school in santiago 7 in 1942 castro transferred to the jesuit run el colegio de belén in havana 8 in 1945 castro began studying law at the university of havana 9 where he became embroiled in student activism 10 and the violent gangsterismo culture within the university 11 after becoming passionate about anti imperialism and opposing us intervention in the caribbean 12 he unsuccessfully campaigned for the presidency of the federation of university students 13 castro became critical of the corruption and violence of president ramón grau s government delivering a public speech on the subject in november 1946 that received coverage on the front page of several newspapers 14 in 1947 castro joined the party of the cuban people partido ortodoxo founded by eduardo chibás though chibás came third in the 1948 general election castro remained committed to working on his behalf 15 student violence escalated when grau employed gang leaders as police officers and castro received a death threat urging him to leave the university but he refused and began to carry a gun and surround himself with armed friends 16 anti castro dissidents accused him of committing gang related assassinations at the time but these accusations remain unproven 17 rebellion and marxism 1947 1950 this article is part of a series about fidel castro personal early life fidelismo religious views dairy death and state funeral my life a spoken autobiography cuban revolution attack on the moncada barracks history will absolve me 26th of july movement landing of the granma triumph of the revolution provisional government consolidation of the cuban revolution proclamation against discrimination revolution first elections later agrarian reforms huber matos affair cia assassination attempts p m affair bay of pigs invasion escalante affair cuban missile crisis revolutionary offensive state visit to chile constitutional government rectification process intervention in angola presidential duties transfer legacy awards and honours eponyms cuban dissident movement justin trudeau conspiracy theory v t e i joined the people i grabbed a rifle in a police station that collapsed when it was rushed by a crowd i witnessed the spectacle of a totally spontaneous revolution t hat experience led me to identify myself even more with the cause of the people my still incipient marxist ideas had nothing to do with our conduct it was a spontaneous reaction on our part as young people with martí an anti imperialist anti colonialist and pro democratic ideas fidel castro on the bogotazo 2009 18 in june 1947 castro joined a planned expedition to overthrow the government of rafael trujillo in the dominican republic 19 20 the military force intended to sail from cuba in july 1947 but grau s government stopped the invasion under us pressure and castro evaded arrest 21 returning to havana castro took a leading role in student protests against the killing of a high school pupil by government bodyguards 22 the protests and subsequent crackdown on suspected communists led to violent clashes between activists and police in february 1948 in which castro was badly beaten his subsequent public speeches took a leftist slant condemning social and economic inequality in cuba 23 in april 1948 castro travelled to bogotá colombia leading a cuban student group sponsored by president juan perón s argentine government there the assassination of leftist leader jorge eliécer gaitán ayala led to rioting and clashes between the governing conservatives backed by the army and leftist liberals 24 castro joined the liberal cause by stealing guns from a police station subsequent police investigations concluded that he had not been involved in killings 24 in april 1948 the organization of american states was founded at a summit in bogotá leading to protests which castro joined 25 marxism taught me what society was i was like a blindfolded man in a forest who doesn t even know where north or south is if you don t eventually come to truly understand the history of the class struggle or at least have a clear idea that society is divided between the rich and the poor and that some people subjugate and exploit other people you re lost in a forest not knowing anything fidel castro on discovering marxism 2009 26 returning to cuba castro became a prominent figure in protests against government attempts to raise bus fares 27 he married mirta díaz balart through whom he was exposed to the lifestyle of the cuban elite 28 the subsequent election was won by partido auténtico s new candidate carlos prío socarrás 29 castro had moved further to the left and interpreted cuba s problems as an integral part of capitalist society or the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie rather than the failings of corrupt politicians and adopted the marxist view that meaningful political change could only be brought about by proletariat revolution visiting havana s poorest neighbourhoods he became active in the student anti racist campaign 30 in september 1949 mirta gave birth to a son fidelito so the couple moved to a larger havana flat 31 castro continued to put himself at risk staying active in the city s politics and joining the 30 september movement which contained within it both communists and members of the partido ortodoxo the group s purpose was to oppose the influence of the violent gangs within the university despite his promises prío had failed to control the situation instead offering many of their senior members jobs in government ministries 32 castro volunteered to deliver a speech for the movement on 13 november exposing the government s secret deals with the gangs and identifying key members attracting the attention of the national press the speech angered the gangs and castro fled into hiding first in the countryside and then in the us 33 returning to havana several weeks later castro laid low and focused on his university studies graduating as a doctor of law in september 1950 34 career in law and politics 1950 1952 general fulgencio batista left with us army chief of staff malin craig in washington d c in 1938 whose presidency castro intended to overthrow castro co founded a legal partnership that primarily catered to poor cubans albeit it proved a financial failure 35 caring little for money or material goods castro failed to pay his bills his furniture was repossessed and electricity cut off distressing his wife 36 he took part in a high school protest in cienfuegos in november 1950 fighting with police to protest the education ministry s ban on student associations he was arrested and charged for violent conduct but the magistrate dismissed the charges 37 his hopes for cuba still centered on chibás and the partido ortodoxo and he was present at chibás politically motivated suicide in 1951 38 seeing himself as chibás heir castro wanted to run for congress in the june 1952 elections though senior ortodoxo members feared his radical reputation and refused to nominate him 39 he was instead nominated as a candidate for the house of representatives by party members in havana s poorest districts and began campaigning 39 the ortodoxo had considerable support and was predicted to do well in the election 40 during his campaign castro met with general fulgencio batista the former president who had returned to politics with the unitary action party batista offered him a place in his administration if he was successful although both opposed prío s administration their meeting never got beyond polite generalities 41 on 10 march 1952 batista seized power in a military coup with prío fleeing to mexico declaring himself president batista cancelled the planned presidential elections describing his new system as disciplined democracy castro was deprived of being elected in his run for office by batista s move and like many others considered it a one man dictatorship 42 batista moved to the right solidifying ties with both the wealthy elite and the united states severing diplomatic relations with the soviet union suppressing trade unions and persecuting cuban socialist groups 43 intent on opposing batista castro brought several legal cases against the government but these came to nothing and castro began thinking of alternative ways to oust the regime 44 cuban revolution main article fidel castro in the cuban revolution the movement and the moncada barracks attack 1952 1953 main articles attack on the moncada barracks and history will absolve me castro formed a group called the movement which operated along a clandestine cell system publishing underground newspaper el acusador the accuser while arming and training anti batista recruits 45 from july 1952 they went on a recruitment drive gaining around 1 200 members in a year the majority from havana s poorer districts 46 although a revolutionary socialist castro avoided an alliance with the communist popular socialist party psp fearing it would frighten away political moderates but kept in contact with psp members like his brother raúl 47 castro stockpiled weapons for a planned attack on the moncada barracks a military garrison outside santiago de cuba oriente castro s militants intended to dress in army uniforms and arrive at the base on 25 july seizing control and raiding the armoury before reinforcements arrived 48 supplied with new weaponry castro intended to spark a revolution among oriente s impoverished cane cutters and promote further uprisings 49 castro s plan emulated those of the 19th century cuban independence fighters who had raided spanish barracks castro saw himself as the heir to independence leader josé martí 50 castro under arrest after the moncada attack 1953 castro gathered 165 revolutionaries for the mission 51 ordering his troops not to cause bloodshed unless they met armed resistance 52 the attack took place on 26 july 1953 but ran into trouble 3 of the 16 cars that had set out from santiago failed to get there reaching the barracks the alarm was raised with most of the rebels pinned down by machine gun fire four were killed before castro ordered a retreat 53 the rebels suffered 6 fatalities and 15 other casualties whilst the army suffered 19 dead and 27 wounded 54 meanwhile some rebels took over a civilian hospital subsequently stormed by government soldiers the rebels were rounded up tortured and 22 were executed without trial 55 accompanied by 19 comrades castro set out for gran piedra in the rugged sierra maestra mountains several kilometres to the north where they could establish a guerrilla base 56 responding to the attack batista s government proclaimed martial law ordering a violent crackdown on dissent and imposing strict media censorship 57 the government broadcast misinformation about the event claiming that the rebels were communists who had killed hospital patients although news and photographs of the army s use of torture and summary executions in oriente soon spread causing widespread public and some governmental disapproval 57 over the following days the rebels were rounded up some were executed and others including castro transported to a prison north of santiago 58 believing castro incapable of planning the attack alone the government accused ortodoxo and psp politicians of involvement putting 122 defendants on trial on 21 september at the palace of justice santiago 59 acting as his own defence counsel castro cited martí as the intellectual author of the attack and convinced the three judges to overrule the army s decision to keep all defendants handcuffed in court proceeding to argue that the charge with which they were accused of organizing an uprising of armed persons against the constitutional powers of the state was incorrect for they had risen up against batista who had seized power in an unconstitutional manner 60 the trial embarrassed the army by revealing that they had tortured suspects after which they tried unsuccessfully to prevent castro from testifying any further claiming he was too ill 61 the trial ended on 5 october with the acquittal of most defendants 55 were sentenced to prison terms of between 7 months and 13 years castro was sentenced on 16 october during which he delivered a speech that would be printed under the title of history will absolve me 62 castro was sentenced to 15 years imprisonment in the hospital wing of the model prison presidio modelo a relatively comfortable and modern institution on the isla de pinos 63 imprisonment and 26 july movement 1953 1955 further information 26 july movement imprisoned with 25 comrades castro renamed his group the 26th of july movement mr 26 7 in memory of the moncada attack s date and formed a school for prisoners 64 he read widely enjoying the works of marx lenin and martí but also reading books by freud kant shakespeare munthe maugham and dostoyevsky analysing them within a marxist framework 65 corresponding with supporters he maintained control over the movement and organized the publication of history will absolve me 66 initially permitted a relative amount of freedom within the prison he was locked up in solitary confinement after inmates sang anti batista songs on a visit by the president in february 1954 67 meanwhile castro s wife mirta gained employment in the ministry of the interior something he discovered through a radio announcement appalled he raged that he would rather die a thousand times than suffer impotently from such an insult 68 both fidel and mirta initiated divorce proceedings with mirta taking custody of their son fidelito this angered castro who did not want his son growing up in a bourgeois environment 68 fidel castro and his men in the sierra maestra 2 december 1956 in 1954 batista s government held presidential elections but no politician stood against him the election was widely considered fraudulent it had allowed some political opposition to be voiced and castro s supporters had agitated for an amnesty for the moncada incident s perpetrators some politicians suggested an amnesty would be good publicity and the congress and batista agreed backed by the us and major corporations batista believed castro to be no threat and on 15 may 1955 the prisoners were released 69 returning to havana castro gave radio interviews and press conferences the government closely monitored him curtailing his activities 70 now divorced castro had sexual affairs with two female supporters naty revuelta and maria laborde each conceiving him a child 71 setting about strengthening the mr 26 7 he established an 11 person national directorate but retained autocratic control with some dissenters labelling him a caudillo dictator he argued that a successful revolution could not be run by committee and required a strong leader 72 in 1955 bombings and violent d...
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