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late cycle prayer of the apostle paul questions of bartholomew resurrection of jesus christ related topics nag hammadi library christianity portal v t e the gospel of barnabas as long as the four canonical gospels matthew mark luke and john combined contains 222 chapters and about 75 000 words 3 36 4 its original title appearing on the cover of the italian manuscript is the true gospel of jesus called christ a new prophet sent by god to the world according to the description of barnabas his apostle 3 36 5 215 the author who claims to be the biblical barnabas wishes peace and consolation to all them that dwell upon the earth then a critique follows of those including paul the apostle who are deceived by satan into preaching a most impious doctrine by calling jesus son of god repudiating the circumcision and permitting every unclean meat 3 36 excerpt from the gospel of barnabas in which jesus foretells of the coming machometo muhammad a messenger of god the arabic marginalia identifies several sections as the shahada it appears to be a gospel harmony focusing on the ministry and passion of jesus 3 36 the gospel begins with combined elements of matthew and luke such as the annunciation by the archangel gabriel to mary the adoration of the magi the massacre of the innocents the circumcision of jesus and his finding in the temple 3 36 it then jumps to jesus at age 30 when he goes to the mount of olives with his mother to gather olives while praying there he received the gospel from gabriel 3 37 after this revelation he tells his mother that he will no longer live with her jesus later goes to jerusalem and begins preaching there he appoints twelve apostles to accompany him during his ministry the gospel mentions only ten including barnabas 3 37 6 34 the gospel follows teachings attributed to jesus about the origins of circumcision condemnation of the uncircumcised and the life of abraham these include the destruction of his idols and the sacrifice of his son ishmael 3 37 38 notably this upholds the islamic tradition and contradicts biblical canon which holds abraham s other son isaac to be the intended sacrifice the gospel recounts the transfiguration of jesus and his proclamation of the prophet muhammad who will come after him 3 38 39 after a number of his parables and teachings it describes his passion beginning with his confrontations with the scribes and pharisees about the woman taken in adultery 3 43 mary is told by gabriel about her son s forthcoming crucifixion and his protection from it 3 45 the high priest herod antipas and pontius pilate discuss what to do about him 3 43 jesus and his disciples hide in nicodemus house where they have the last supper 3 44 judas iscariot betrays him for thirty pieces of silver 3 44 god then commands gabriel michael raphael and uriel to save jesus by taking him out by the window that looketh toward the south to the third heaven 3 44 6 11 judas whose face and speech are changed to resemble those of jesus returns to the house while the other disciples are sleeping 3 44 he is surprised to know that they think he is jesus 3 44 and he is arrested 3 45 pilate orders his crucifixion and he is placed in joseph of arimathea s tomb 3 45 46 jesus prays for the ability to see his mother and disciples and tell them what actually happened 3 46 he turns to barnabas whom he charges with writing about what occurred 3 47 the gospel ends with the dispersion of the disciples and another criticism of paul 3 47 48 textual history edit the complete silence of the jewish christian and muslim traditions is bothersome if it was only a secondary text of little importance this silence could be understood but a fundamental work which claims to have been written on the direct orders of jesus would have to leave some traces in history jacques jomier fr 6 51 the gospel of barnabas is dated from the 14th 7 to the 17th centuries 6 57 too late to have been written by the biblical barnabas fl 1st century ce 8 3 it is one of three extant works bearing his name along with the epistle of barnabas and the acts of barnabas 8 53 60 a gospel according to barnabas was first mentioned in the sixth century gelasian decree and was condemned as apocryphal 3 25 another mention of a gospel using his name is in the seventh century list of the sixty books 9 xxiv or the catalogue of the sixty canonical books 10 533 historians are uncertain whether these refer to this gospel of barnabas since no quotes have been preserved for confirmation 3 25 jomier believes a forger could have taken the title after the publishing of the gelasian decree by printing press 11 the earliest reference to the gospel may have been in a 1634 letter 6 50 in the biblioteca nacional de españa written in tunisia by ibrahim al taybil juan pérez in spanish an arabic spanish translator and author 4 he referred to the gospel of saint barnabas where one can find the light a 4 the first published reference to the gospel was by the french poet bernard de la monnoye in his 1715 book menagiana 3 26 dutch orientalist adriaan reland referred to the gospel s spanish version in his 1717 de religione mohamedica on the mohammedan religion 12 17 the following year a reference to the italian version appeared in the irish philosopher john toland s nazarenus 7 british orientalist george sale cited the italian and spanish manuscripts in his 1734 the preliminary discourse to the koran 13 53 manuscripts edit italian edit 1835 painting of the austrian national library where the italian manuscript was kept in nazarenus toland said that he was shown the manuscript he called the mahometan gospel in 1709 in amsterdam 7 through an ambassador in the city and the anti trinitarian scholar jean frederic cramer counsellor of frederick i of prussia 14 125 his description is not detailed and provides no information about the gospel s general contents however he quotes the opening of the gospel the true gospel of jesus called christ a new prophet sent by god to the world according to the relation of barnabas his apostle a fragment the apostle barnabas says he gets the worst of it who overcomes in evil contentions because he thus comes to have the more sin and the ending jesus being gone the disciples scattered themselves into many parts of palestine and of the rest of the world and the truth being hated of satan was persecuted by falsehood as it ever happens for certain wicked men under pretence of being disciples preached that jesus was dead and not risen again others preached that jesus was truly dead and risen again others preached and still continued to preach that jesus is the son of god among which persons paul has been deceived we therefore according to the measure of our knowledge do preach to those who fear god to the end that they may be saved at the last day of divine judgment amen the end of the gospel 15 dated to the end of the sixteenth century 16 the manuscript was anonymous 15 toland observed that it was written on a turkish paper delicately gummed and polished bound in the turkish manner and the fine quality of its ink and orthography citation needed led him to assume that it was at least three hundred years old in the appendix of his book toland wrote i t was an octavo volume six inches long four broad and one and a half thick and containing 229 leaves each of about eighteen and nineteen lines 15 the manuscript was obtained by prince eugene of savoy in 1738 through cramer who wrote in a dedicatory preface that no christian had ever been allowed to see it although they strove with all means at their disposal to find it and take a look at it 3 50 it is currently held by the austrian national library 7 4 the scholars lonsdale and laura ragg published an english translation of the italian manuscript by oxford university press in 1907 4 an arabic translation at the initiative of the egyptian scholar rashid rida was published the following year 4 and became popular in the muslim world saʿādeh a christian translated it 5 214 rida began publishing promotional excerpts and information about the arabic translation before its publication in july 1907 in his magazine al manār 5 218 the raggs english translation without their critical preface became popular in 1973 in pakistan 17 80 when it was published by m a rahim and promoted as the true gospel of jesus 18 by local newspapers 4 in indonesia it was translated in 1969 1970 and 1980 19 129 the 1970 translation by husein bin abu bakar al habsyi id and abubakar basymeleh was republished with additional footnotes in 1987 20 91 21 translations in dutch 1990 german 1994 modern italian persian 1927 spanish turkish and urdu 1916 have also been published 4 22 spanish edit the university of sydney s fisher library where the spanish manuscript was discovered the spanish manuscript was lost for more than a century 3 25 sale became the only source for a detailed description in his 1734 book the koran 23 xi he wrote the book is a moderate quarto written in a very legible hand but a little damaged towards the latter end it contains two hundred and twenty two chapters of unequal length and four hundred and twenty pages 23 xi sale saw the manuscript while it was still in the possession of rector george holme 24 it later passed to thomas monkhouse a fellow of the queen s college oxford and was seen by the reverend joseph white white quoted several extracts from the english translation in a 1784 lecture before the gospel s whereabouts became unknown 3 25 a spanish gospel of barnabas was found at the university of sydney s fisher library among the books of australian politician charles nicholson in 1976 24 a copy of sale s manuscript made between 1736 and 1745 6 50 b is incomplete and has differences from the italian manuscript 24 the subheaders of chapters 1 27 are missing 7 only the first third of chapter 120 exists ending on page 116 with a note cap 121 to 200 wanting 24 the next page continues with chapter 200 chapter 199 in the italian manuscript a discrepancy which continues until chapter 222 in the spanish manuscript 221 in the italian 24 the spanish 218th chapter has different lines and the subheader en que se cuenta la passion de judas traydor in which the passion of judas the betrayer is recounted 24 the italian chapter 222 is missing from the spanish manuscript j e fletcher who discovered the latter published his findings in the october 1976 issue of novum testamentum 24 scholars note parallels in the manuscript to a series of morisco forgeries collectively known as the lead books of sacromonte 25 289 4 which may date it to the 16th century 7 claiming to be a translation of an italian manuscript probably not the extant one it opens with a prologue by fra marino likely a pseudonym 3 51 according to fra marino he first encountered writings by the church father irenaeus which criticized paul and referred to the gospel of barnabas while with his friend pope sixtus v at a vatican city library he then found a copy of the gospel of barnabas and converted to islam after reading it 3 9 18 mustafa de aranda an aragonese muslim who lived in istanbul then constantinople is identified in the translator s note as the translator of the italian manuscript into spanish 7 nothing further is known about this 4 and none of irenaeus writings mentioned the gospel 26 through the university of granada luis bernabé pons published the incomplete spanish manuscript with missing parts derived from the italian manuscript in a 1998 book entitled el texto morisco del evangelio de san bernabé the moorish text of the gospel of saint barnabas 7 syriac edit the ethnography museum of ankara where a syriac copy is being held in 1985 turkish media reported that an alleged syriac language copy of the gospel of barnabas had been found in the city of hakkâri 27 a syriac manuscript of the gospel of barnabas was reportedly found in cyprus in 2000 in a police anti smuggling operation and was held in a police depository 28 in february 2012 the turkish ministry of culture and tourism confirmed the 52 page gospel of barnabas had been deposited at the ethnography museum of ankara 29 the world council of arameans requested ownership of the manuscript 30 photographs of a cover page were widely published on which can be read an inscription in a neo aramaic hand in the name of our lord this book is written on the hands of the monks of the high monastery in nineveh in the 1 500th year of our lord 31 authorship and origins edit some researchers believe that phrases in barnabas resemble those used by dante alighieri the gospel of barnabas is probably of late medieval or later origin 4 since its author is familiar with works written during this period 6 36 nothing is known about its author however many hypotheses have been made but none are conclusive 7 researchers who argue for an italian origin 6 52 53 note its similarities to dante alighieri s early 14th century divine comedy 4 barnabas says that god made nine heavens in contrast to the quran s seven and uses dante s catchphrase dei falsi e bugiardi false and lying gods three times 18 others also find textual similarities between passages in the gospel and late medieval vernacular harmonies of the canonical gospels 7 4 the gospel has been hypothesized as having spanish origins or connections 6 52 53 4 spanish academic mikel de epalza suggested that the italian manuscript was created by a spaniard with elements of tuscan and venetian dialects epalza said that the author may have been a spanish student at the university of bologna where the dialects were spoken since spaniards commonly studied there during the middle ages 3 63 64 analysis indicates linguistic errors in the manuscript demonstrating the author s unfamiliarity with italian 3 64 144 c author david fox wrote about arabic gospel forgeries written in 1588 by two moriscos in granada theorizing that the gospel of barnabas may have been another morisco forgery 3 64 4 this theory also leads other researchers to advocate a spanish priority they believe that the preface in the spanish manuscript was a fabrication 32 a mere literary device 33 according to luis bernabé pons the lead books of sacromonte found in granada in 1595 were meant to begin the gospel of barnabas 4 the books written on round lead leaves deal with the arrival of james the great and his disciples in spain 4 the books say that james was tasked to hide them in spain where a priest helped by arabians would discover them 4 the great conqueror king of the arab kings probably referring to the ottoman empire later summoned a council in cyprus the traditional site of barnabas martyrdom 4 pons said that barnabas name was used because the lead books were suspected and scrutinized for islamic jewish content including the shahada 4 the plan failed when the moriscos were expelled between 1609 and 1614 4 it was done by somebody whether a priest secular monk or layman who had an amazing knowledge of the latin bible and like dante he was pa...
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