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s in the rhenish palatinate proclaimed the republic of mainz led by georg forster representatives of the mainz republic in paris requested political affiliation of the mainz republic with france but too late prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on german soil although the french dominated mainz was neither free nor democratic prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged mainz by the end of march 1793 after a siege of 18 weeks the french troops in mainz surrendered on 23 july 1793 the prussians occupied the city and ended the republic of mainz it came to the battle of mainz in 1795 between austria and france members of the mainz jacobin club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason 47 in 1797 the french returned the army of napoleon bonaparte occupied the german territory to the west of the rhine and the treaty of campo formio awarded france this entire area initially as the cisrhenian republic on 17 february 1800 the french département du mont tonnerre was founded here with mainz as its capital the rhine being the new eastern frontier of la grande nation austria and prussia could not but approve this new border with france in 1801 however after several defeats in europe during the war of the sixth coalition the weakened napoleon and his troops had to leave mainz in may 1814 48 rhenish hesse edit in 1816 the part of the former french département which is known today as rhenish hesse german rheinhessen was awarded to the hesse darmstadt mainz being the capital of the new hessian province of rhenish hesse from 1816 to 1866 a part of the german confederation mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against france and had a strong garrison of austrian prussian and bavarian troops 49 on the afternoon of 18 november 1857 a huge explosion rocked mainz when the city s powder magazine the pulverturm exploded approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the powder tower explosion or powder explosion 50 51 52 during the austro prussian war in 1866 mainz was declared a neutral zone 53 54 after the founding of the german empire in 1871 mainz no longer was as important a stronghold because in the franco prussian war france had lost the territory of alsace lorraine to germany which france had occupied bit by bit from 1630 to 1795 and this defined the new border between the two countries 55 industrial expansion edit mainz towards the rhine around 1890 mainz including expansion zone the rhine 1898 for centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences in 1872 mayor carl wallau and the council of mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract to expand the city beginning in 1874 the city of mainz assimilated the gartenfeld an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the banks of the rhine to the north of the rampart 56 the city expansion more than doubled the urban area which allowed mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously avoided the city for decades 56 eduard kreyßig de was the man who made this happen 56 having been the master builder of the city of mainz since 1865 kreyßig had the vision for the new part of town the neustadt 56 he also planned the first sewer system for the old part of town since roman times and persuaded the city government to relocate the railway line from the rhine side to the west end of the town the main station was built from 1882 to 1884 according to the plans of philipp johann berdellé de 57 kreyßig constructed a number of state of the art public buildings including the mainz town hall which was the largest of its kind in germany at that time as well a synagogue 58 the rhine harbour and a number of public baths and school buildings 59 kreyßig s last work was christ church christuskirche the largest protestant church in the city and the first building constructed solely for the use of a protestant congregation 60 in 1905 the demolition of the entire circumvallation and the rheingauwall was taken in hand according to the imperial order of wilhelm ii 61 20th century edit during the german revolution of 1918 the mainz workers and soldiers council was formed which ran the city from 9 november until the arrival of french troops under the terms of the occupation of the rhineland agreed in the armistice the french occupation was confirmed by the treaty of versailles which went into effect 28 june 1919 the rhineland in which mainz is located was to be a demilitarised zone until 1935 and the french garrison representing the triple entente was to stay until reparations were paid 62 in 1923 mainz participated in the rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a rhenish republic 63 it collapsed in 1924 63 the french withdrew on 30 june 1930 63 adolf hitler became chancellor of germany in january 1933 and his political opponents especially those of the social democratic party were either incarcerated or murdered 64 some were able to move away from mainz in time 64 one was the political organizer for the spd friedrich kellner who went to laubach where as the chief justice inspector of the district court he continued his opposition against the nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900 page diary 65 66 in march 1933 a detachment from the national socialist party in worms brought the party to mainz they hoisted the swastika on all public buildings and began to denounce the jewish population in the newspapers in 1936 the nazis remilitarized the rhineland with great fanfare the first move of nazi germany s meteoric expansion the former triple entente took no action 67 during world war ii the citadel at mainz hosted the oflag xii b prisoner of war camp 68 the city was also the location of four subcamps of the hinzert concentration camp mostly for luxembourgish polish dutch and soviet prisoners but also belgian french and italian 69 during world war ii several air raids destroyed about 80 percent of the city s centre including most of the historic buildings 70 mainz was captured on 22 march 1945 70 against uneven german resistance staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city by the 90th infantry division under william a mcnulty a formation of the xii corps under third army commanded by general george s patton jr 71 from 1945 to 1949 the city was part of the french zone of occupation when the state of rhineland palatinate was founded on 30 august 1946 by the commander of the french army on the french occupation zone marie pierre kœnig mainz became the capital of the new state 72 in 1962 the diarist friedrich kellner returned to spend his last years in mainz his life in mainz and the impact of his writings is the subject of the canadian documentary my opposition the diaries of friedrich kellner 73 following the withdrawal of french forces from mainz the united states army europe occupied the military bases in mainz recent history edit nowadays the jewish community is growing rapidly and a new synagogue by the architect manuel herz was constructed in 2010 on the site of the one destroyed by the nazis on kristallnacht in 1938 74 75 76 as of 2021 update the jewish community mainz has 985 members 77 today the united states army europe and africa only occupies mcculley barracks in wackernheim and the mainz sand dunes as training areas mainz is home to the headquarters of the bundeswehr s landeskommando rhineland palatinate de and other units 78 cityscape edit mainz skyline may 2007 from south railway bridge over the rhine looking north mainz may 2011 schillerplatz looking southeast market square and cathedral architecture edit the destruction caused by the bombing of mainz in world war ii led to the most intense phase of building in the history of the town during the last war in germany more than 30 air raids destroyed about 80 per cent of the city s centre including most of the historic buildings 79 the attack on the afternoon of 27 february 1945 remains the most destructive of all 33 bombings that mainz has suffered in world war ii in the collective memory of most of the population living then this air raid made an already hard hit city even more levelled 80 81 82 nevertheless the post war reconstruction took place very slowly while cities such as frankfurt had been rebuilt fast by a central authority only individual efforts were initially successful in rebuilding mainz the reason for this was that the french wanted mainz to expand and become a model city mainz lay within the french controlled sector of germany and it was a french architect and town planner marcel lods who produced a le corbusier style plan of an ideal architecture 83 84 85 but the first interest of the inhabitants was the restoration of housing areas even after the failure of the model city plans it was the initiative of the french founding of the johannes gutenberg university of mainz elevation of mainz to the state capital of rhineland palatinate the early resumption of the mainz carnival driving the city in a positive development after the war the city plan of 1958 by ernst may allowed a regulated reconstruction for the first time in 1950 the seat of the government of rhineland palatinate had been transferred to the new mainz and in 1963 the seat of the new zdf notable architects were adolf bayer richard jörg and egon hartmann at the time of the two thousand years anniversary in 1962 the city was largely reconstructed during the 1950s and 1960s the oberstadt had been extended münchfeld and lerchenberg added as suburbs the altstadttangente intersection of the old town new neighbourhoods as westring and südring contributed to the extension by 1970 there remained only a few ruins the new town hall of mainz had been designed by arne jacobsen and finished by dissing weitling 86 the town used jacobsens activity for the danish novo company 87 erecting a new office and warehouse building to contact him the urban renewal of the old town changed the inner city in the framework of the preparation of the cathedral s millennium pedestrian zones were developed around the cathedral in a northern direction to the neubrunnenplatz and in a southern direction across the leichhof to the augustinerstraße and kirschgarten the 1980s brought the renewal of the façades on the markt and a new inner city neighbourhood on the kästrich during the 1990s the kisselberg 88 and the fort malakoff center at the site of the old police barracks 89 were built town hall by jacobsen main sights edit the deutschhaus the house of parliament of rhineland palatinate kaiserstraße emperor street with boulevard and christuskirche theodor heuss bridge interior of the augustinian church romano germanic central museum römisch germanisches zentralmuseum it is home to roman medieval and earlier artefacts museum of ancient seafaring museum für antike schifffahrt it houses the remains of five roman boats from the late 4th century discovered in the 1980s roman remains including jupiter s column drusus mausoleum the ruins of the theatre and the aqueduct mainz cathedral of st martin mainzer dom over 1 000 years old st john s church 7th century church building staatstheater mainz the iron tower eisenturm tower at the former iron market a 13th century gate tower the wood tower holzturm tower at the former wood market a 15th century gate tower the gutenberg museum exhibits an original gutenberg bible amongst many other printed books from the 15th century and later the mainz old town the half south of the cathedral survived world war ii the old arsenal the central arsenal of the fortress mainz during the 17th and 18th centuries the electoral palace kurfürstliches schloss residence of the prince elector the marktbrunnen one of the largest renaissance fountains in germany domus universitatis 1615 a former jesuit college building and for centuries the tallest edifice in mainz christ church christuskirche built 1898 1903 bombed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1948 1954 the church of st stephan with post war windows by marc chagall mainz citadel the ruins of the church st christoph a world war ii memorial schönborner hof 1668 rococo churches of st augustin the augustinerkirche mainz and st peter the peterskirche mainz churches of st ignatius 1763 and st quintin erthaler hof 1743 the baroque bassenheimer hof 1750 the botanischer garten der johannes gutenberg universität mainz a botanical garden maintained by the university landesmuseum mainz state museum with archaeology and art zweites deutsches fernsehen zdf one of the largest public german tv broadcasters new synagogue in mainz hauptfriedhof mainz old jewish cemetery mainz judensand shum city of mainz unesco world heritage site 4 kunsthalle mainz museum for contemporary art humbrechthof later called schöfferhof the building in which johannes gutenberg developed his technique of printing administration edit mainz rad and fsv mainz 05 flags on the domplatz the city of mainz is divided into 15 local districts according to the main statute of the city of mainz each local district has a district administration of 13 members and a directly elected mayor who is the chairman of the district administration this local council decides on important issues affecting the local area however the final decision on new policies is made by mainz s municipal council 90 in accordance with section 29 paragraph 2 local government act of rhineland palatinate which refers to municipalities of more than 150 000 inhabitants the city council has 60 members 90 districts of the town are 91 altstadt bretzenheim drais ebersheim finthen gonsenheim hartenberg münchfeld hechtsheim laubenheim lerchenberg de marienborn mombach neustadt oberstadt weisenau until 1945 the districts of bischofsheim now an independent town ginsheim gustavsburg which together are an independent town belonged to mainz the former districts amöneburg kastel and kostheim in short akk are now administered by the city of wiesbaden on the north bank of the river the akk was separated from mainz when the rhine was designated the boundary between the french occupation zone the later state of rhineland palatinate and the u s occupation zone hesse in 1945 92 93 coat of arms edit main article wheel of mainz the coat of arms of mainz is derived from the coat of arms of the archbishops of mainz and features two six spoked silver wheels connected by a silver cross on a red background 94 population edit historical population year pop 50 16 000 750 5 000 68 8 1300 24 000 380 0 1545 10 000 58 3 1700 20 000 100 0 1816 25 251 26 3 1871 53 902 113 5 1900 84 251 56 3 1910 110 634 31 3 1925 108 552 1 9 1933 142 627 31 4 1939 158 333 11 0 1945 40 000 74 7 1951 96 005 140 0 1956 115 812 20 6 1961 135 192 16 7 1966 149 387 10 5 1971 178 639 19 6 1981 187 564 5 0 1991 182 867 2 5 2001 185 293 1 3 2006 196 425 6 0 2011 200 957 2 3 201...
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