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ina cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français frysk galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 la lojban ქართული ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 kurdî latina lombard lietuvių latviešu македонски मराठी bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål occitan polski português română русский sicilianu scots srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt winaray 吴语 yorùbá 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia roman emperor from 305 to 306 constantius chlorus portrait usually identified with that of constantius ny carlsberg glyptotek 1 roman emperor in the west augustus 1 may 305 25 july 306 with galerius in the east predecessor maximian successor severus ii officially constantine i rebelled caesar 1 march 293 1 may 305 born flavius constantius 31 march c 250 moesia superior died 25 july 306 aged c 56 eboracum roman britain present day york england spouse helena and theodora issue among others constantine the great flavius dalmatius julius constantius flavia julia constantia names marcus flavius valerius constantius a regnal name imperator caesar marcus flavius constantius augustus dynasty constantinian father maximian adoptive mother claudia alleged religion ancient roman religion marcus flavius valerius constantius c 250 25 july 306 also called constantius i was a roman emperor from 305 to 306 and was father of constantine the great the first christian emperor of rome he was one of the four original members of the tetrarchy established by diocletian first serving as caesar from 293 to 305 and then ruling as augustus until his death the nickname chlorus ancient greek χλωρός lit the pale was first popularized by byzantine era historians and not used during the emperor s lifetime as a soldier of humble origin constantius had a distinguished military career and rose to the top ranks of the army around 289 he divorced helena the mother of constantine the great to marry a daughter of emperor maximian and in 293 was added to the imperial college by maximian s colleague diocletian assigned to rule gaul constantius defeated the usurper carausius there and his successor allectus in britain and campaigned extensively along the rhine frontier defeating the alamanni and franks when the diocletianic persecution was announced in 303 constantius ordered the demolition of churches but did not actively hunt down christians in his domain 8 upon becoming senior emperor in may 305 constantius launched a successful punitive campaign against the picts beyond the antonine wall 9 he died suddenly at eboracum york in july the following year after constantius s death the army perhaps at his own instigation immediately acclaimed his son constantine as emperor this act contributed to the collapse of the diocletianic tetrarchy sparking a series of civil wars that ended only when constantine finally united the whole roman empire under his rule in 324 according to the oxford classical dictionary constantinian propaganda bedevils assessment of constantius yet he appears to have been an able general and a generous ruler 10 his descendants the constantinian dynasty ruled the empire until the death of his grandson julian in 363 life edit early career edit constantius s birthday was 31 march the year is unknown but his career and the age of his eldest son imply a date no later than c 250 2 constantius was a thracian 11 12 or an illyrian 13 14 b he was born in moesia superior later dacia ripensis 3 15 a roman province on the south bank of the middle danube according to the unreliable historia augusta he was the son of eutropius a nobleman from the province of moesia superior and claudia a niece of the emperors claudius gothicus and quintillus 16 the same source also gives claudius the nomina flavius valerius to strengthen his connection to constantius 17 modern historians suspect this maternal connection to be a genealogical fabrication created by his son constantine i 18 and that his family was of humble origins 4 3 c constantine probably sought to dissociate his father s background from the memory of maximian 19 coin showing the augusta flavia maximiana theodora constantius s second wife with the goddess pietas on the reverse constantius was a member of the protectores augusti nostri under the emperor aurelian and fought in the east against the secessionist palmyrene empire 20 while the claim that he had been made a dux under the emperor probus is probably a fabrication 21 22 he certainly attained the rank of tribunus within the army and during the reign of carus he was raised to the position of praeses or governor of the province of dalmatia 23 it has been conjectured that he switched allegiances to support the claims of the future emperor diocletian just before diocletian defeated carinus the son of carus at the battle of the margus in july 285 24 in 286 diocletian elevated a military colleague maximian to the throne as co emperor of the western provinces 25 while diocletian took over the eastern provinces beginning the process that would eventually see the division of the roman empire into two halves a western and an eastern portion by 288 his period as governor now over constantius had been made praetorian prefect in the west under maximian 26 throughout 287 and into 288 constantius under the command of maximian was involved in a war against the alamanni carrying out attacks on the territory of the barbarian tribes across the rhine and danube rivers 25 to consolidate the ties between himself and emperor maximian constantius married the emperor s daughter theodora 20 elevation as caesar edit on the reverse of this argenteus struck in antioch under constantius chlorus the tetrarchs are sacrificing to celebrate a victory against the sarmatians by 293 diocletian conscious of the ambitions of his co emperor for his new son in law allowed maximian to promote constantius in a new power sharing arrangement known as the tetrarchy the eastern and western provinces would each be ruled by an augustus supported by a caesar both caesares had the right of succession once the ruling augustus died 27 at mediolanum milan on 1 march 293 constantius was formally appointed as maximian s caesar 28 he adopted diocletian s nomen family name valerius and being equated with maximian also took on herculius 29 his given command consisted of gaul britannia and possibly hispania diocletian the eastern augustus in order to keep the balance of power in the imperium 27 elevated galerius as his caesar possibly on 21 may 293 at philippopolis plovdiv 20 constantius was the more senior of the two caesares and on official documents he always took precedence being mentioned before galerius 29 constantius s capital was to be located at augusta treverorum trier 30 constantius s first task on becoming caesar was to deal with the roman usurper carausius who had declared himself emperor in britannia and northern gaul in 286 20 in late 293 constantius defeated the forces of carausius in gaul capturing bononia boulogne sur mer 31 carausius was then assassinated by his rationalis finance officer allectus who assumed command of the british provinces until his death in 296 32 constantius spent the next two years neutralising the threat of the franks who were the allies of allectus 33 as northern gaul remained under the control of the british usurper until at least 295 34 he also battled against the alamanni achieving some victories at the mouth of the rhine in 295 35 administrative concerns meant he made at least one trip to italy during this time as well 33 only when he felt ready and only when maximian finally came to relieve him at the rhine frontier 36 did he assemble two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the english channel the first was entrusted to julius asclepiodotus constantius s long serving praetorian prefect who sailed from the mouth of the seine while the other under the command of constantius himself was launched from his base at bononia 37 the fleet under asclepiodotus landed near the isle of wight and his army encountered the forces of allectus resulting in the defeat and death of the usurper 38 constantius in the meantime occupied londinium london 39 saving the city from an attack by frankish mercenaries who were now roaming the province without a paymaster constantius massacred all of them 36 portrait head of tetrarch most likely constantius chlorus 40 constantius remained in britannia for a few months replaced most of allectus s officers and the british provinces were probably at this time subdivided along the lines of diocletian s other administrative reforms of the empire 41 the result was the division of britannia superior into maxima caesariensis and britannia prima while flavia caesariensis and britannia secunda were carved out of britannia inferior he also restored hadrian s wall and its forts 42 later in 298 constantius fought in the battle of lingones langres against the alemanni he was shut up in the city but was relieved by his army after six hours and defeated the enemy 43 he defeated them again at vindonissa 44 thereby strengthening the defences of the rhine frontier in 300 he fought against the franks on the rhine frontier 45 and as part of his overall strategy to buttress the frontier constantius settled the franks in the deserted parts of gaul to repopulate the devastated areas 46 nevertheless over the next three years the rhine frontier continued to occupy constantius s attention 45 from 303 the beginning of the diocletianic persecution constantius began to enforce the imperial edicts dealing with the persecution of christians which ordered the destruction of churches 19 the campaign was avidly pursued by galerius who noticed that constantius was well disposed towards the christians and who saw it as a method of advancing his career prospects with the aging diocletian 47 of the four tetrarchs constantius made the least effort to implement the decrees in the western provinces that were under his direct authority 48 limiting himself to knocking down a handful of churches 26 eusebius denied that constantius destroyed christian buildings but lactantius records that he did 19 accession as augustus and death edit copy of a medal of constantius i capturing londinium inscribed as lon after defeating allectus the original was part of the beaurains treasure from arras france between 303 and 305 galerius began maneuvering to ensure that he would be in a position to take power from constantius after the death of diocletian 49 in 304 maximian met with galerius probably to discuss the succession issue and constantius either was not invited or could not make it due to the situation on the rhine 45 although prior to 303 there appeared to be tacit agreement among the tetrarchs that constantius s son constantine and maximian s son maxentius were to be promoted to the rank of caesar once diocletian and maximian had resigned the purple 50 by the end of 304 galerius had convinced diocletian who in turn convinced maximian to appoint galerius s nominees severus and maximinus as caesares 45 diocletian and maximian stepped down as co emperors on 1 may 305 possibly due to diocletian s poor health 26 before the assembled armies at mediolanum maximian removed his purple cloak and handed it to severus the new caesar and proclaimed constantius as augustus the same scene played out at nicomedia i̇zmit under the authority of diocletian 51 constantius notionally the senior emperor ruled the western provinces while galerius took the eastern provinces constantine disappointed in his hopes to become a caesar fled the court of galerius after constantius had asked galerius to release his son as constantius was ill 52 constantine joined his father s court at the coast of gaul just as he was preparing to campaign in britain 53 in 305 constantius crossed over into britain travelled to the far north of the island and launched a military expedition against the picts claiming a victory against them and the title britannicus maximus ii by 7 january 306 54 after retiring to eboracum york for the winter constantius had planned to continue the campaign but on 25 july 306 he died 55 as he was dying constantius recommended his son to the army as his successor 56 consequently constantine was declared emperor by the legions at york 57 family edit constantius was married to helena who was probably from nicomedia in asia minor 58 they had one son the future emperor constantine the great in 289 political developments forced him to divorce helena he married theodora maximian s daughter they had six children 21 flavius dalmatius julius constantius flavius hannibalianus flavia julia constantia anastasia married to bassianus eutropia the name of anastasia koine greek ἀναστασία romanized anastasía lit resurrection may indicate a sympathy with christian or jewish culture 3 family tree edit see also constantinian dynasty family of constantius chlorus emperors are shown with a rounded corner border with their dates as augusti names with a thicker border appear in both sections 1 constantine s parents and half siblings maximian 286 305 adoptive father helena constantius chlorus 250 306 flavia maximiana theodora constantine i 306 337 flavius dalmatius hannibalianus flavia julia constantia licinius 308 324 anastasia bassianus galla julius constantius basilina licinius ii eutropia virius nepotianus hannibalianus constantina constantius gallus julian 360 363 helena nepotianus 2 constantine s children minervina constantine i 306 337 fausta crispus constantine ii 337 340 constans 337 350 hannibalianus constantina constantius gallus faustina constantius ii 337 361 helena julian 360 363 gratian 367 383 constantia v t e constantinian dynasty detailed family tree afranius hannibalianus eutropia maximian western emperor theodora constantius i chlorus western emperor 250 305 306 helena 250 330 maxentius western emperor constantia 293 330 licinius 250 308 324 325 flavius dalmatius censor 1 galla julius constantius d 337 2 basilina anastasia eutropia fausta 289 326 constantine i the great 272 306 337 minervina dalmatius caesar hannibalianus 1 constantius gallus 2 julian 331 360 363 helena d 360 constantina 1 hannibalianus 2 constantius gallus constantius ii 317 337 361 faustina constantine ii western emperor 316 337 340 constans i western emperor 320 337 350 daughter justus crispus d 326 jovian 331 363 364 marina severa valentinian i western emperor valentinianic dynasty jus...
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