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in your library resources in other libraries accents of english from around the world university of edinburgh sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 english accents from around the world international dialects of english archive recordings of english dialects and international l2 accents v t e description of the english language grammar phonology stress and reduced vowels orthography spelling reform alphabet braille dialects language history phonological history links to related articles v t e history of english proto indo european proto germanic proto west germanic anglo frisian languages old english kentish mercian northumbrian west saxon anglo norman language middle english early modern english modern english phonological history vowels a changes before historical l changes before historical r close back vowels close front vowels diphthongs great vowel shift open back vowels trisyllabic laxing consonants clusters flapping h dropping l vocalization ng rhoticity t glottalization th fronting stopping wh v t e dialects and accents of modern english by continent europe great britain england north cheshire cumbria barrow lancashire liverpool scouse manchester northumbria pitmatic sunderland tyneside geordie teesside yorkshire midlands east midlands west midlands birmingham black country stoke on trent south east anglia norfolk london thames estuary cockney multicultural received pronunciation west country cornwall dorset scotland glasgow highlands wales abercraf cardiff gower port talbot european union ireland dublin south west ulster north euro english channel islands gibraltar isle of man malta americas north america canada aboriginal atlantic lunenburg newfoundland multicultural toronto ottawa valley quebec standard canadian united states midland new england boston east maine west new york city accent north inland north north central philadelphia baltimore south accent appalachia chesapeake outer banks new orleans older south texas west california pacific northwest western pennsylvania social and ethno cultural african american vernacular american indian cajun chicano general american good american speech miami latino new york latino northeastern elite pennsylvania dutch caribbean antigua and barbuda the bahamas barbados bequia cayman islands bay islands guyanese english jamaica saba samaná trinidad and tobago bermuda falkland islands oceania australia variation accent aboriginal cultivated south torres strait west fiji new zealand accent palau solomon islands africa cameroon the gambia ghana kenya liberia malawi namibia nigeria rwanda sierra leone south africa accent cape flats south atlantic uganda zimbabwe asia east asia hong kong south asia bangladesh india regional and occupational maldives nepal pakistan sri lanka southeast asia brunei cambodia malaysia myanmar philippines singapore thailand antarctica antarctica related english language basic broad and general accents commonwealth comparison of american and british english e prime engrish english as a lingua franca english based creole languages englishisation globish gogate nerrière international jewish english yeshiva english learning linguistic purism in english list of english based pidgins non native pronunciations of english plain queen s latin standard v t e germanic languages according to contemporary philology west anglo frisian anglic english dialects old english middle english modern english early modern english irish middle english fingallian kildare yola scots early scots middle scots shetland dialect frisian historical forms old frisian middle frisian east frisian ems saterland frisian upgant frisian weser wangerooge frisian wursten frisian harlingerland frisian north frisian insular eiderstedt föhr amrum föhr amrum heligolandic sylt mainland bökingharde mooring halligen goesharde northern central southern karrharde strand wiedingharde west frisian hindeloopen schiermonnikoog westlauwers terschellings mainland west frisian clay frisian wood frisian westereendersk terschelling low german historical forms old saxon middle low german west low german dutch low saxon stellingwarfs tweants gronings drèents gelders overijssels achterhooks sallaans urkers veluws northern low saxon east frisian low saxon gronings hamburg holsteinisch oldenburgisch bremian schleswigsch eastphalian westphalian east low german mecklenburgisch vorpommersch brandenburgisch central pomeranian east pomeranian low prussian plautdietsch mennonite low german low franconian historical forms frankish old dutch middle dutch standard variants dutch afrikaans kaaps west low franconian central dutch hollandic west flemish french flemish zeelandic east flemish brabantian kleverlandish surinamese dutch jersey dutch mohawk dutch stadsfries bildts amelands midslands east low franconian limburgish cover groups bergish meuse rhenish high german german historical forms old high german middle high german new high german early new high german standard german german standard german austrian standard german swiss standard german non standard variants and creoles namibian german namibian black german berlinerisch unserdeutsch barossa german rotwelsch lotegorisch yenish yiddish eastern western scots yiddish klezmer loshn lachoudisch central german west central german central franconian ripuarian colognian southeast limburgish moselle franconian luxembourgish transylvanian saxon hunsrückisch hunsrik rhine franconian lorraine franconian palatine volga german pennsylvania dutch hessian central hessian amana german east central german thuringian upper saxon erzgebirgisch lusatian silesian german high prussian wymysorys halcnovian upper german alemannic in the broad sense low alemannic alsatian coloniero high alemannic swiss german highest alemannic walser german swabian bavarian northern bavarian central bavarian viennese german southern bavarian south tyrolean cimbrian mòcheno hutterite german gottscheerish south franconian east franconian vogtlandian langobardic north and east north historical forms proto norse old norse old west norse old east norse old gutnish west norwegian bergensk kebabnorsk sognamål trøndersk valdris vestlandsk vikværsk bokmål written nynorsk written old norwegian middle norwegian faroese icelandic old icelandic middle icelandic greenlandic norse norn shetland dialect east swedish swedish dialects rinkebysvenska danish danish dialects insular danish jutlandic south jutlandic east danish bornholmsk scanian historically southern schleswig danish gøtudanskt perkerdansk old danish middle danish dalecarlian elfdalian gutnish mainland gutnish fårö gutnish east gothic crimean gothic ostrogoth visigoth gepid burgundian vandalic herulian skirian philology language subgroups north east west elbe irminonic weser rhine istvaeonic north sea ingvaeonic northwest gotho nordic south reconstructed proto germanic grammar ancient belgian language diachronic features grimm s law verner s law holtzmann s law sievers s law kluge s law germanic substrate hypothesis west germanic gemination high german consonant shift germanic a mutation germanic umlaut germanic spirant law ingvaeonic nasal spirant law great vowel shift synchronic features germanic verb germanic strong verb germanic weak verb preterite present verb grammatischer wechsel indo european ablaut italics indicate extinct languages languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left v t e dictionaries of english old and middle english an anglo saxon dictionary dictionary of old english middle english dictionary historic catholicon anglicum 1483 the english schoole master 1596 the new world of english words 1658 a new english dictionary 1702 an universal etymological english dictionary 1721 johnson s a dictionary of the english language 1755 webster s dictionary 1828 worcester s dictionary richardson s new dictionary imperial dictionary 1847 1850 century dictionary 1889 1891 world book dictionary dictionary of american english british english chambers collins oxford oed ode compact concise shorter penguin american english american heritage american regional encarta new oxford american random house webster s webster s new world webster s third new international canadian english canadian oxford dictionary of canadianisms dictionary of newfoundland english gage canadian australian english australian national australian oxford macquarie online collaborative international dictionary of english urban dictionary wiktionary wordnik learners esl cambridge advanced learner s collins cobuild advanced longman dictionary of contemporary english macmillan english dictionary for advanced learners merriam webster s advanced learner s oxford advanced learner s v t e english speaking world english speaking countries further links articles english speaking world history of the english language british empire english in the commonwealth of nations anglosphere lists list of countries by english speaking population list of countries where english is an official language countries and territories where english is the national language or the native language of the majority africa saint helena ascension and tristan da cunha americas anguilla antigua and barbuda the bahamas barbados belize bermuda british virgin islands canada cayman islands dominica falkland islands grenada guyana jamaica montserrat saba saint kitts and nevis saint lucia saint vincent and the grenadines sint eustatius sint maarten south georgia and the south sandwich islands trinidad and tobago turks and caicos islands united states united states virgin islands europe guernsey ireland isle of man jersey united kingdom oceania australia new zealand norfolk island pitcairn islands countries and territories where english is an official language but not the majority first language africa botswana cameroon eswatini the gambia ghana kenya lesotho liberia malawi mauritius namibia nigeria rwanda sierra leone somaliland south africa south sudan sudan tanzania uganda zam...
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