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of indonesia and independence 2 4 sukarno era and suharto s new order 2 5 reformasi and contemporary indonesia 3 geography toggle geography subsection 3 1 climate 3 2 biodiversity and conservation 4 government and politics toggle government and politics subsection 4 1 parties and elections 4 2 administrative divisions 4 3 foreign relations and military 4 4 law enforcement and human rights 5 economy 6 infrastructure toggle infrastructure subsection 6 1 transport and connectivity 6 2 energy 7 demographics toggle demographics subsection 7 1 ethnic groups and languages 7 2 religion 7 3 education 7 4 healthcare 8 culture toggle culture subsection 8 1 visual arts and architecture 8 2 performing arts 8 3 literature 8 4 cinema and mass media 8 5 cuisine 8 6 sports 9 see also 10 notes and references toggle notes and references subsection 10 1 notes 10 2 references 10 3 sources 10 3 1 books 10 3 2 journals 10 3 3 news 10 3 4 miscellaneous 10 3 5 reports and studies 10 4 further reading 11 external links toggle external links subsection 11 1 government 11 2 history 11 3 tourism 11 4 maps toggle the table of contents indonesia 294 languages аԥсшәа acèh адыгабзэ afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ pangcah aragonés ænglisc अंगिका العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu авар अवधी aymar aru azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali boarisch žemaitėška batak toba bikol central bajau sama беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская betawi български भोजपुरी bislama banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী brezhoneg bosanski batak mandailing basa ugi буряад català chavacano de zamboanga 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano chamoru ꮳꮃꭹ tsetsêhestâhese کوردی corsu qırımtatarca čeština kaszëbsczi словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch zazaki dolnoserbski kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང ཁ eʋegbe ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی fulfulde suomi võro na vosa vakaviti føroyskt français arpetan nordfriisk frysk gaeilge gagauz 贛語 kriyòl gwiyannen 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actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikibooks wikinews wikiquote wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 5 s 120 e 5 s 120 e 5 120 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia country in southeast asia and oceania this article is about the country for other uses see indonesia disambiguation republic of indonesia republik indonesia flag emblem motto bhinneka tunggal ika old javanese unity in diversity anthem indonesia raya great indonesia national ideology and philosophy pancasila sanskrit the five principles capital and largest city jakarta 6 10 s 106 49 e 6 167 s 106 817 e 6 167 106 817 official languages indonesian indigenous languages 718 languages a 1 writing system latin predominantly regional javanese sundanese batak balinese and others ethnic groups 2010 2 40 2 javanese 15 5 sundanese 3 6 batak 2 2 malay and 600 others religion 2025 3 87 2 islam 10 4 christianity 1 6 hinduism 0 7 buddhism and others demonym indonesian government unitary presidential republic president prabowo subianto vice president gibran rakabuming raka legislature people s consultative assembly mpr upper house regional representative council dpd lower house house of representatives dpr independence from the netherlands proclamation 17 august 1945 recognition 27 december 1949 area total 1 904 569 4 km 2 735 358 sq mi 14th water 4 85 4 population 2025 estimate 288 315 089 5 4th 2020 census 270 203 917 6 density 143 km 2 370 4 sq mi 88th gdp ppp 2026 estimate total 5 449 trillion 7 7th per capita 18 973 7 103rd gdp nominal 2026 estimate total 1 540 trillion 7 17th per capita 5 362 7 116th gini 2024 37 9 8 medium inequality hdi 2023 0 728 9 high 113th currency indonesian rupiah rp idr time zone utc 7 8 9 wib wita wit date format dd mm yyyy calling code 62 iso 3166 code id internet tld id indonesia b officially the republic of indonesia c is a country in southeast asia and oceania between the indian and pacific oceans comprising between 13 000 and 17 000 islands including sumatra java sulawesi and parts of borneo and new guinea it is the world s largest archipelagic state and the 14th largest country by area indonesia has extensive tropical forests and marine ecosystems that support one of the world s highest levels of biodiversity the indonesian archipelago has been inhabited since prehistoric times with early human presence evidenced by fossils of homo erectus and homo sapiens and megalithic sites it became connected to regional and international maritime trade networks by the first millennium bce hindu and buddhist kingdoms developed by early centuries ce followed by the spread of islam and the growth of islamic states from the late medieval period european powers later competed to monopolise trade in the spice islands of maluku during the age of discovery dutch commercial and colonial control expanded from the 17th century and was consolidated over most of the archipelago during the 19th and early 20th centuries before indonesia proclaimed its independence in the aftermath of world war ii since independence indonesia has experienced separatist conflicts corruption political upheaval and natural disasters alongside democratisation and rapid economic growth the country today is a presidential republic with an elected legislature and consists of 38 provinces some of which enjoy greater autonomy than others home to over 280 million people indonesia ranks fourth in the world by population and has the largest muslim population of any country more than half of indonesians live on java the most heavily populated island in the world while the capital jakarta is the world s most populous city indonesia has hundreds of ethnic groups and more than 700 languages alongside diverse regional cultures this diversity is reflected in the national motto bhinneka tunggal ika meaning unity in diversity indonesian a standardised variety of malay is the official and national language and its lingua franca indonesia has the largest economy in southeast asia with services and industry accounting for most output and economic activity concentrated on java sea and air transport are the primary means of connecting the country s many islands indonesia is a middle power active in regional and global affairs and is a member of the united nations g20 the non aligned movement asean and the organisation of islamic cooperation etymology main article names of indonesia the name indonesia is usually explained as a combination of india and the greek word nesos together meaning indian islands 13 in 1850 george windsor earl an english ethnologist proposed the terms indunesians and malayunesians for the inhabitants of the indian archipelago or malay archipelago preferring the latter because he considered indunesians too general 14 15 in the same journal james richardson logan adopted indonesia as a geographical term for the indian archipelago 16 17 usage remained limited for several decades german ethnographer adolf bastian from the university of berlin gave the term greater scholarly currency by using it in the title of his five volume work indonesien oder die inseln des malayischen archipel published from 1884 to 1894 18 dutch scholars nevertheless tended to use malay archipelago dutch maleische archipel or the netherlands east indies nederlandsch oost indië popular alternatives included indië de oost the east and less often insulinde 19 after 1900 indonesia became increasingly common in academic and public usage and indonesian nationalist organisations adopted it as an expression of national unity and freedom from colonial rule 13 among its early indonesian promoters was soewardi soerjaningrat ki hajar dewantara who established the indonesisch persbureau in the hague in november 1918 a press bureau that used indonesia in its name 20 history main article history of indonesia prehistory early states and islamisation main articles prehistoric indonesia and spread of islam in indonesia a prehistoric animal figure in the lubang jeriji saléh cave estimated to be more than 40 000 years old 21 the island of java has yielded numerous hominin fossils generally attributed to homo erectus including the type specimen discovered by eugene dubois at trinil 22 23 stone artefacts on flores show that hominins had reached the island by at least 1 02 million years ago 24 homo sapiens had dispersed into southeast asia by at least 50 000 years ago 25 in sulawesi narrative cave art has been dated to a minimum age of 51 200 years 21 26 flores also yielded remains of the small bodied hominin homo floresiensis 27 megalithic traditions later developed at different times across the archipelago and stone monuments were used for burial and to honour or commemorate ancestors 28 beginning in the third millennium bce austronesian speaking communities moved south from taiwan through the philippines and into the indonesian archipelago where related languages eventually spread across most of the islands 29 30 settlement and subsistence patterns varied across the islands with communities combining fishing hunting gathering and cultivation 31 from around 500 bce regional trading networks increasingly connected the archipelago with south and east asia 32 imported goods knowledge and technologies circulated through these networks and during the early centuries ce some coastal communities in borneo sumatra and java developed into trading ports 33 34 indian merchants and religious specialists brought sanskrit literacy hindu and buddhist practices and models of kingship that local rulers adopted 35 36 srivijaya founded in southeastern sumatra in the late 7th century ce grew as a maritime trading polity and a centre of buddhist learning and religious networks 37 38 in central java rulers supported the construction of major hindu and buddhist monuments between the 8th and 10th centuries including borobudur and prambanan 39 majapahit emerged in eastern java in the late 13th century after raden wijaya used a mongol expedition to defeat his rivals and then forced the mongols to withdraw 40 its rulers claimed suzerainty over a wide network of ports across the archipelago although beyond java this authority was often exercised indirectly through tributary ritual and commercial relationships rather than continuous territorial control 41 by the late 13th century muslim rulers were established in parts of northern sumatra perlak was described by marco polo as muslim in 1292 and a royal tomb at pasai dated 1297 records a muslim ruler there 42 43 samudra pasai became an important pepper port and a major centre for islamic learning 44 islam spread further through maritime trading networks with muslim communities becoming established at ports along java s north coast and elsewhere in the archipelago 45 46 majapahit declined during the 15th century and demak emerged as an independent north coast sultanate and an important centre of javanese islam 47 early conversions were associated with the wali sanga the nine saints traditionally credited with the spread of islam in java 48 islamic practice there also incorporated elements of older javanese culture 49 european contact and colonial rule main articles dutch east india company in indonesia and dutch east indies an 1835 painting of the submission of prince diponegoro to general de kock at the end of the java war in 1830 before european arrival spices from maluku were already traded through asian maritime networks in which javanese and other regional merchants participated 50 51 the portuguese captured malacca in 1511 and reached maluku the following year where they sought control of the spice trade 52 dutch expeditions followed in the 1590s and in 1602 competing dutch companies were merged into the dutch east india company vereenigde oost indische compagnie voc its charter authorised it to wage war build fortresses and conclude treaties in asia 53 in 1619 the voc captured jayakarta present day jakarta renamed it batavia and turned it into its headquarters it developed as an administrative and commercial centre and attracted chinese migrants and others from the archipelago 54 55 the voc was dissolved in 1800 and its possessions were passed to the dutch state 56 during the 19th century dutch power expanded across the archipelago and met sustained resistance in java sumatra bali and aceh 57 in western new guinea the dutch established an outpost in 1828 abandoned it in 1836 and began permanent occupation only after 1898 58 by the early 20th century military campaigns and boundary agreements had established dutch control over a territory that largely corresponded to present day indonesia known then as the netherlands indies 59 the colonial administration ruled several territories directly 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