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ween the writing systems of the proto elamite tablets and the contemporaneous proto cuneiform tablets of the uruk iv period in mesopotamia both are relatively isolated singletons aside tablets have been found at only five proto elamite sites for comparison proto cuneiform tablets have only been found at uruk jemdet nasr khafajah and tell uqair and the vast majority of each type have been found at susa and uruk the tablet blanks the inscribing method even the practice of using the reverse for summation when needed are the same they serve the same basic function which is administrative accounting of goods in a centrally controlled society from that base there are also differences the signs themselves being the most obvious but extending to smaller areas such as the order in which the tablet was inscribed are clear clarification needed the many similarities between the numeric systems of proto cuneiform and proto elamite have helped in understanding it proto elamite in addition to the usual sexagesimal and base 120 also uses a decimal system 3 4 economical tablet in proto elamite suse iii louvre museum reference sb 15200 c 3100 2850 bc proto elamite tablet with transcription beginning around the 9th millennium bc a token based system came into use in various parts of the ancient near east these evolved into marked tokens and later marked envelopes often called clay bullae 5 6 7 8 these are believed to be the basis of proto elamite as well as proto cuneiform with many of the tokens about two thirds having been found in susa tokens remained in use after the development of proto cuneiform and proto elamite 9 10 11 12 the earliest tablets contain only lists of numbers they are found not only at susa and uruk but also at sites without later proto elamite and proto cuneiform tablets like tell brak habuba kabira tepe hissar godin tepe and jebel aruda 13 14 15 16 17 linear elamite is attested much later in the last quarter of the 3rd millennium bce it is uncertain whether the proto elamite script was the direct predecessor of linear elamite since it remains largely undeciphered and a postulated relationship between the two is speculative early on similarities were noted between proto elamite and the cretan linear a script 18 corpus edit the proto elamite writing system was used over a large area from susa in the west to tepe yahya in the east the corpus consists of some 1600 tablets the vast majority unearthed at susa where the first two tablets were found by jacques de morgan in the late 1800s 19 proto elamite tablets have been found at the following sites susa more than 1600 tablets and fragments 20 21 anshan or tall i malyan 33 tablets and fragments 22 tepe yahya 27 tablets tablet blanks found 23 24 19 25 26 tepe sofalin 12 tablets and fragments 27 28 tepe sialk 5 tablets 29 30 ozbaki one tablet 31 shahr e sukhteh one tablet 32 tall e geser one numerical tablet fragment not proto elamite script 33 34 tepe hissar one tablet 19 glyphs found in proto elamite texts are divided in numerical with an n prefix and text with a m prefix of the 1000s of text glyphs in the current corpus more than half are numerical the meaning of a numerical glyph may depend on which system it is being used in decimal d sexagesimal s bisexagesimal b or capacity c 35 36 37 a significant number of proto elamite tablets remain unpublished 38 publications edit mdp 6 v scheil textes élamites sémitiques troisième série mémoires de la délégation en perse 6 paris leroux 1905 mdp 17 v scheil textes de comptabilité proto élamites nouvelle série mémoires de la mission archéologique de perse tome 17 paris 1923 mdp 26 v scheil textes de comptabilité proto élamites troisième série mémoires de la mission archéologique de perse tome 26 paris 1935 mdp 31 mecquenem roland de and marguerite rutten épigraphie proto élamite archéologie susienne mémoires de la délégation archéologique en iran tome 31 paris presses universitaires de france 1949 ra 50 de mecquenem r notes protoélamites revue d assyriologie et d archéologie orientale vol 50 no 4 pp 200 04 1956 tcl 32 dahl j l proto elamite tablets and fragments textes cunéiforme du louvre 32 paris khéops louvre éditions publishing 2019 decipherment attempts edit proto elamite tablet found at tepe yahya the first step in deciphering an unknown writing system is publishing the corpus and developing a proposed sign list 39 the texts have now been mostly published but the sign list is still in progress proto elamite has many singleton signs like early stages of proto cuneiform because texts are primarily consumed locally there is disagreement over whether some signs are different or merely variants but by 1974 enough of a consensus on the signs was reached that decipherment could advance 40 41 42 43 in 2012 dr jacob dahl of the university of oxford announced a project to publish high quality images of proto elamite clay tablets online he hopes that crowdsourcing by academics and amateurs working together will make progress 44 nearly 1600 proto elamite tablets are now on line 45 materials were put online 46 on a wiki of the cuneiform digital library initiative 47 in 2020 françois desset fr of the laboratoire archéorient in lyon announced a proposed decipherment and translation 48 49 in 2022 he proposed sign forms for proto elamite recasting it as early proto iranian 50 51 the proposal was not met with universal agreement 52 although the decipherment of proto elamite remains uncertain the content of many texts is known this is because certain signs notably a majority of the numerical signs are similar to the neighboring mesopotamian proto cuneiform in addition a number of the proto elamite signs depict the objects they represent however the majority of the proto elamite signs are abstract and their meanings can only be deciphered through careful graphemic analysis 53 an example from a small tablet sb 06355 from susa where most signs are known 54 m384 ab m362 4 n14 7 n01 m367 8 n01 m346 6 n01 m006 6 n01 m362 a 1 n14 m367 a 2 n01 m346 a 1 n01 m006 g 1 n01 transliteration 47 nanny goats belonging to x 8 billy goats 6 female sheep 6 male sheep 10 female kids 2 male kids 1 female lamb 1 male lamb translation while the elamite language has been suggested as the language of the proto elamite inscriptions there is no positive evidence of this the earliest proto elamite inscriptions being purely ideographic do not in fact contain any linguistic information nor is it known what language was spoken in the area during the proto elamite period 55 clay tokens circa 3500 bc susa ii or uruk period terracotta from susa louvre paris globular envelope with a cluster of accounting tokens clay uruk period from the tell of the acropolis in susa susa ii or uruk period economic tablet with numeric signs and proto elamite script clay accounting tokens uruk period from the tell of the acropolis in susa susa iii economic tablet with numeric signs and proto elamite script clay accounting tokens uruk period from the tell of the acropolis in susa susa iii references edit yeganeh sepideh jamshidi holakooei parviz nokandeh jebrael piran sedigheh dahl jacob 2025 complexity of proto elamite administration system insights from compositional data from sealings and tablets journal of archaeological science reports 61 104973 monroe m willis et al recent progress in deciphering proto elamite near eastern archaeology 88 4 pp 314 323 2025 friberg jöran three thousand years of sexagesimal numbers in mesopotamian mathematical texts archive for history of exact sciences vol 73 no 2 pp 183 216 2019 friberg jöran the early roots of babylonian mathematics ii metrological relations in a group of semi pictographic tablets of the jemdet nasr type probably from uruk warka research report 1979 15 university of göteborg department of mathematics chalmers 1978 79 schmandt besserat denise the envelopes that bear the first writing technology and culture vol 21 no 3 pp 357 85 1980 schmandt besserat denise decipherment of the earliest tablets science vol 211 no 4479 pp 283 85 1981 schmandt besserat denise before writing from counting to cuneiform vol ii university of texas press 1992 overmann karenleigh a the material origin of numbers insights from the archaeology of the ancient near east piscataway nj usa gorgias press table 9 2 pp 169 170 2019 denise schmandt besserat an archaic recording system and the origin of writing syro mesopotamian studies vol 1 no 1 pp 1 32 1977 denise schmandt besserat an archaic recording system in the uruk jemdet nasr period american journal of archaeology vol 83 no 1 pp 19 48 jan 1979 lieberman stephen j of clay pebbles hollow clay balls and writing a sumerian view american journal of archaeology vol 84 no 3 pp 339 58 1980 schmandt besserat d tokens at susa oriens antiquus 25 1 2 pp 93 125 1986 schmandt besserat denise the earliest precursor of writing scientific american vol 238 no 6 pp 50 59 1978 strommenger eva the chronological division of the archaic levels of uruk eanna vi to iii ii past and present american journal of archaeology vol 84 no 4 pp 479 87 1980 hallo william w godin tepe the inscriptions yale university 2011 oates joan and oates david the reattribution of middle uruk materials at brak leaving no stones unturned essays on the ancient near east and egypt in honor of donald p hansen edited by erica ehrenberg university park usa penn state university press pp 145 154 2002 r dyson the relative and absolute chronology of hissar h and the proto elamite of northern iran in chronologie du prochc orient relative chrono logics and absolute chronology 16 000 4 000 bc cnrs international symposium lyon france 24 28 november 1986 13ar internat scr 379 oxford pp 647 677 1987 brice w a comparison of the account tablets of susa in the proto elamite script with those of hagia triada in linear a kadmos 2 1 pp 27 38 1963 1 2 3 peter damerow and robert k englund the proto elamite texts from tepe yahya the american school of prehistoric research bulletin 39 cambridge ma 1989 de mecquenem r notes protoélamites revue d assyriologie et d archéologie orientale vol 50 no 4 pp 200 04 1956 dahl jacob l proto elamite tablets and fragments textes cunéiforme du louvre 32 khéops louvre editions publishing paris 2019 stolper m proto elamite texts from tall i malyan in kadmos 24 1 2 pp 1 12 1985 lamberg karlovsky clifford charles proto elamite account tablets from tepe yahya iran kadmos 10 pp 97 9 1971 mutin benjamin the proto elamite settlement and its neighbors tepe yahya period ivc ed c c lamberg karlovsky oxbow books american school of prehistoric research publications 2013 isbn 978 1 78297 419 2 lamberg karlovsky c c the proto elamite settlement at tepe yaḥyā iran vol 9 pp 87 96 1971 c c lamberg karlovsky the early bronze age of iran as seen from tepe yahya with philip kohl expedition vol 13 nos 3 4 pp 14 22 1971 dahl j l hessari m yousefi zoshk r the proto elamite tablets from tape sofalin iranian journal of archaeological studies 2 1 pp 57 73 2012 hessari morteza and rouhollah yosefi a clay bullae and five tablets from tepe sofalin rey plain iran journal of archaeology and archaeometry 1 1 pp 13 25 2022 ghirshman r une tablette proto élamite du plateau iranien revue d assyriologie et d archéologie orientale vol 31 no 3 pp 115 19 1934 roman ghirshman fouilles de sialk près de kashan 1933 1934 1937 vol 1 paul geuthner 1938 madjidzadeh youssef les fouilles d ozbaki iran campagnes 1998 2000 paléorient pp 141 145 2001 amiet pierre et al phase 10 at shahr i sokhta excavations in square xdv and the late 4th millennium b c assemblage of sīstān east and west vol 28 no 1 4 pp 9 31 1978 alden john r et al trade and politics in proto elamite iran and comments and reply current anthropology vol 23 no 6 pp 613 40 1982 caldwell j r tell i ghazir reallexikon der assyriologie 3 5 pp 348 355 1986 born logan et al disambiguating numeral sequences to decipher ancient accounting corpora proceedings of the workshop on computation and written language cawl 2023 2023 alimirzoev a n and yu b yusifov on the decipherment of numerical signs of the proto elamite script vestnik drevnej istorii pp 3 20 1993 yousefi r afshari salaki h etemadifar d the scale of accounting an examination of high volume numerical records in proto elamite tablets from susa hosted in iran national museum archaeological research of iran 15 45 pp 91 113 2025 jacob l dahl oxford proto elamite de babylone aux routes d arabie portrait d une orientaliste hommage à béatrice andré salvini pp 85 88 2025 gelb i j and r m whiting methods of decipherment journal of the royal asiatic society of great britain and ireland no 2 pp 95 104 1975 piero meriggi la scritura proto elamica parte ia la scritura e il contenuto dei testi rome 1971 piero meriggi la scritura proto elamica parte iia catalogo dei segni rome 1974 piero meriggi la scritura proto elamica parte iiia testi rome 1974 dahl jacob l the proto elamite writing system in the elamite world pp 383 396 2018 breakthrough in world s oldest undeciphered writing sean coughlan 2012 10 25 bbc cuneiform digital library initiative university of california los angeles retrieved 9 march 2015 coughlan sean 24 october 2012 crowd sourcing website to decipher ancient writing bbc news proto elamite cdli ox ac uk cuneiform digital library initiative wiki un français déchiffre une écriture de plus de 4000 ans 7 december 2020 iranian plateau gave birth to writing french archaeologist 11 december 2020 desset françois tabibzadeh kambiz kervran matthieu basello gian pietro and marchesi and gianni the decipherment of linear elamite writing zeitschrift für assyriologie und vorderasiatische archäologie vol 112 no 1 pp 11 60 2022 kelley kathryn et al on newly proposed proto elamite sign values iranica antiqua 57 pp 1 25 2022 dahl j proto elamite and linear elamite a misunderstood relationship akkadica 2023 robert k englund the state of decipherment of proto elamite in stephen houston ed the first writing script invention as history and process cambridge uk cambridge university press pp 100 149 2004 mdp 17 191 artifact entry 2001 2024 cuneiform digital library initiative cdli july 3 2024 jöran friberg the third millennium roots of babylonian mathematics i ii göteborg 1978 79 further reading edit afshari hassan and ruhollah yousefi zashk an investigation on connection of ideograms related to the chain of phonetic signs in the proto elamite writing system journal of archaeological studies 14 1 pp 1 22 2022 amiet p il y a 5000 ans les elamites inventaient l ecriture archeologia 12 pp 16 23 1966 logan born et al compositionality of complex graphemes in the undeciphered proto elamite script using image and text embedding models in findings of the association for computational linguistics acl ijcnlp 2021 pp 3136 3146 august 2021 born logan et al disambiguating numeral sequences to decipher ancient accounting corpora proceedings of the workshop on computation and written language cawl 2023 2023 born logan et ...
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