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etruscan alphabet wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 origins 2 letters 3 development 4 legacy 5 gallery 6 see also 7 references toggle the table of contents etruscan alphabet 38 languages alemannisch العربية asturianu беларуская български brezhoneg català deutsch esperanto español suomi français galego hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული taqbaylit 한국어 lingua franca nova latviešu malagasy македонски norsk bokmål occitan polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska kiswahili ไทย toki pona türkçe українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia alphabet used by the etruscans of central and northern italy the marsiliana tablet a wax tablet with an early form of the etruscan alphabet on the frame bilingual latin etruscan inscription second half of the 1st century bc the etruscan alphabet was used by the etruscans an ancient civilization of central and northern italy to write their language from about 700 bc to sometime around 100 ad the etruscan alphabet derives from the euboean alphabet used in the greek colonies in southern italy which belonged to the western red type the so called western greek alphabet several old italic scripts including the latin alphabet derived from it or simultaneously with it origins edit the etruscan alphabet originated as an adaptation of the euboean alphabet used by the euboean greeks in their first colonies in italy the island of pithekoussai and the city of cumae in campania 1 in the alphabets of the west x had the sound value ks ψ stood for kʰ in etruscan x s ψ kʰ or kχ rix 202 209 the earliest known etruscan abecedarium is inscribed on the frame of a wax tablet in ivory measuring 8 8 cm 5 cm 3 5 in 2 in found at marsiliana near grosseto tuscany it dates from about 700 bc and lists 26 letters corresponding to contemporary forms of the greek alphabet including digamma san and qoppa but not omega which had still not been added at the time letters edit phoenician model western greek sound in ancient greek western a b ɡ d e w dz z zd h tʰ i k l m n o p ts s k r s t u ks pʰ kʰ old italic unicode block 𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌎 𐌏 𐌐 𐌑 𐌒 𐌓 𐌛 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 𐌘 𐌙 𐌚 marsiliana tablet archaic etruscan to 5th c 2 neo etruscan 2 transliteration 3 a b c d e v z h θ i k l m n š o p σ q r s ς t u s̽ φ χ f approx pron a k e w ts h tʰ i k l m n p ʃ s k r s ʃ t u pʰ kʰ f the shapes of the archaic etruscan and neo etruscan letters had a few variants used in different places and or in different epochs notably opposite letters were used for s and ʃ depending on the locality in addition the circular letters used for tʰ and o could be confused see urn inscription below shown above are the glyphs from the unicode old italic block whose appearance will depend on the font used by the browser these are oriented as they would be in lines written from left to right also shown are svg images of variants shown as they would be written right to left as in most of the actual inscriptions 4 5 development edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2026 learn how and when to remove this message small etruscan bottle from 630 to 620 bce with an early form of the alphabet the alphabet on the cockerel bottle the archaic form of the etruscan alphabet remained practically unchanged from its origin in the 8th century bc until about 600 bc and the direction of writing was free from the 6th century bc however the alphabet evolved adjusting to the phonology of the etruscan language and letters representing phonemes nonexistent in etruscan were dropped by 400 bc it appears that all of etruria was using the classical etruscan alphabet of 20 letters mostly written from right to left an additional sign 𐌚 in shape similar to the numeral 8 transcribed as f was present in lydian neo etruscan and italic alphabets of osco umbrian languages such as oscan umbrian old sabine and south picene old volscian 6 this sign was introduced in etruscan around 600 550 bc and was not present in the marsiliana tablet the earliest example of the etruscan alphabet it is thought that the sign 𐌚 may have been an altered b or h or an ex novo creation formerly it was even suspected to have been an etruscan invention but an early sabellian inscription suggests that it is instead an invention of speakers of a sabellian language osco umbrian languages 6 its sound value was f and it replaced the etruscan digraph fh that was previously used to express that sound some letters were on the other hand falling out of use etruscan did not have any voiced stops for which b c d were originally intended b ɡ and d respectively the b and d therefore fell out of use and the c which is simpler and easier to write than k was adopted to write k mostly displacing k itself likewise since etruscan had no o vowel sound o disappeared and was replaced by u in the course of its simplification the redundant letters showed some tendency towards a semi syllabary c k and q were predominantly used in the contexts ce ka qu this classical alphabet remained in use until the 2nd century bc when it began to be influenced by the rise of the latin alphabet soon after the etruscan language itself became extinct so thoroughly that its vocabulary and grammar are still only partly known in spite of more than a century of intense research the romans who did have voiced stops in their language after taking over the archaic etruscan alphabet in the 7th century bc continued to use b and d for b and d and used c for both k and ɡ until they invented a separate letter g to distinguish the two sounds legacy edit the etruscan alphabet apparently was the immediate ancestor for the latin alphabet 7 as well as of several old italic scripts used in italy before the rise of rome such as those used in the oscan umbrian lepontic rhaetian or raetic venetic messapian north and south picene and camunic inscriptions 8 gallery edit grave marker from crocifisso del tufo with an inscription in the etruscan alphabet a 6th century bc bowl from roselle ru bucchero dish with the south variant of etruscan alphabet pyrgi tablet c 510 bc the lead plaque of magliano 450 bc the tabula cortonensis 4th 5th century bce negau helmet inscription fragments of the liber linteus manuscript 2nd to 1st century bc close up of the cippus perusinus inscription 2nd century bc funerary urn inscribed in etruscan 9 10 see also edit etruscan numerals old italic scripts runes references edit benelli enrico 2017 alphabets and language in naso alessandro ed etruscology berlin germany walter de gruyter pp 245 253 isbn 978 1 934078 49 5 1 2 bonfante 1983 p 64 wallace rex 2008 zikh rasna a manual of the etruscan language and inscriptions ann arbor mi beech stave press pp xvii 20 isbn 978 0 9747927 4 3 bonfante giuliano 1983 the etruscan language manchester manchester university press p 64 isbn 0 7190 0902 2 oclc 610734784 ol 19629507m stützer herbert alexander 1992 die etrusker und ihre welt köln dumont p 12 isbn 3 7701 3128 2 lccn 94191271 oclc 611534598 ol 1198388m 1 2 mcdonald katherine 2015 oscan in southern italy and sicily cambridge uk cambridge university press pp 65 82 isbn 978 1 107 10383 2 ullman b l october 1927 the etruscan origin of the roman alphabet and the names of the letters classical philology 22 4 372 377 doi 10 1086 360949 jstor 262978 s2cid 161760080 retrieved 3 may 2022 maras daniele f 2017 epigraphy and nomenclature in farney gary d bradley guy eds the peoples of ancient italy berlin boston de gruyter pp 63 88 isbn 978 1 61451 300 1 retrieved 14 may 2023 turfa jean macintosh review of material aspects of etruscan religion proceedings of the international colloquium leiden may 29 and 30 2008 babesch annual papers on mediterranean archaeology supplement 16 bryn mawr classical review via bryn mawr classical review george dennis cities and cemeteries of etruria siena penelope uchicago edu v t e language families of eurasia widespread indo european mongolic turkic europe uralic afroasiatic basque iberian tartessian paleo corsican paleo sardinian camunic ligurian north picene rutulian sicanian tyrsenian eteocretan eteocypriot minoan west asia afroasiatic elamite gutian hattic hurro urartian kaskian kassite sumerian central asia mongolic turkic sino tibetan caucasus kartvelian northeast caucasian northwest caucasian south asia dravidian sino tibetan austroasiatic burushaski nihali kusunda harappan east asia sino tibetan austroasiatic austronesian hmong mien kra dai turkic mongolic japonic koreanic tungusic gaya han puyŏ indian ocean rim ongan sentinelese great andamanese kenaboi north asia paleo siberian areal chukotko kamchatkan nivkh yeniseian yukaghir ainu other uralic tungusic eskaleut rouran xiongnu proposed groupings alarodian altaic borean nostratic dené caucasian eurasiatic dené yeniseian dravido korean elamo dravidian ibero caucasian indo hittite indo pacific indo semitic indo uralic karasuk north caucasian serbi mongolic pontic ural altaic uralic yukaghir eskimo uralic arunachal greater siangic siangic digaro mijiic miju hrusish kho bwa east and southeast asia andamanese austric austro tai austronesian ongan east asian sino austronesian substrata atlantic paleo laplandic pre finno ugric pre germanic pre goidelic pre greek pre sumerian pre vedic vasconic families in italics have no living members families with more than 30 languages are in bold v t e etruscan civilization history origins villanovan culture padanian etruria founding of rome tyrrhenus tyrrhenians tarchon aulus vibenna caelius vibenna capys lucius tarquinius priscus tanaquil servius tullius lucius tarquinius superbus arruns tarquinius son of tarquin the proud lars porsena lars tolumnius titus vestricius spurinna culture and society apollo of veii architecture art chimera of arezzo coins corpus speculorum etruscorum etruscan league etruscan names for greek heroes tiburtine sibyl fanum voltumnae haruspex extispicy jewelry lausus liver of piacenza mezentius monterozzi necropolis mythological figures persius poppilia raeti religion sarcophagus of the spouses tages terracotta warriors titus larcius tomb of the roaring lions vegoia vulca military history battle of alalia 540 bc 535 bc battle of cumae 524 bc siege of rome 509 bc siege of rome 508 bc battle of the cremera 477 bc battle of cumae 474 bc battle of fidenae 437 bc capture of fidenae 435 bc battle of veii c 396 bc battle of lake vadimo 310 bc battle of populonia 282 bc roman etruscan wars language alphabet cippus perusinus corpus inscriptionum etruscarum liber linteus pyrgi tablets raetic language lemnian language tabula capuana tabula cortonensis tyrsenian languages english words of etruscan origin archeology bucchero cuniculi etruscology impasto pottery monteleone chariot national etruscan museum negau helmet portonaccio tarquinia national museum tomb of orcus tumulus of montefortini vicus tuscus key sites acquarossa adria aleria baratti bologna caere ceri cerveteri civita di bagnoregio clusium cumae etruria falerii fescennia fidenae norchia orvieto perusia poggio colla populonia pyrgi rusellae san giovenale spina tarquinia tuscania veii vetulonia vie cave volsinii volterra vulci portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title etruscan_alphabet oldid 1371694923 categories etruscan language alphabets 7th century bc establishments in italy 1st century disestablishments in italy hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from may 2023 pages with plain ipa articles needing additional references from august 2026 all articles needing additional references this page was last edited on 27 august 2026 at 23 08 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle 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