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ket in the form of x86 64 processors and the powerpc g5 a 64 bit register can hold any of 2 64 over 18 quintillion or 1 8 10 19 different values the range of integer values that can be stored in 64 bits depends on the integer representation used with the two most common representations the range is 0 through 18 446 744 073 709 551 615 equal to 2 64 1 for representation as an unsigned binary number and 9 223 372 036 854 775 808 2 63 through 9 223 372 036 854 775 807 2 63 1 for representation as two s complement hence a processor with 64 bit memory addresses can directly access 2 64 bytes 16 exabytes or eb of byte addressable memory with no further qualification a 64 bit computer architecture generally has integer and addressing registers that are 64 bits wide allowing direct support for 64 bit data types and addresses however a cpu might have external data buses or address buses with different sizes from the registers even larger the 32 bit pentium had a 64 bit data bus for instance 1 architectural implications edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2023 learn how and when to remove this message processor registers are typically divided into several groups integer floating point single instruction multiple data simd control and often special registers for address arithmetic which may have various uses and names such as address index or base registers 2 however in modern designs these functions are often performed by more general purpose integer registers in most processors only integer or address registers can be used to address data in memory the other types of registers cannot the size of these registers therefore normally limits the amount of directly addressable memory even if there are registers such as floating point registers that are wider most high performance 32 bit and 64 bit processors some notable exceptions are older or embedded arm architecture arm and 32 bit mips architecture mips cpus have integrated floating point hardware which is often but not always based on 64 bit units of data for example although the x86 x87 architecture has instructions able to load and store 64 bit and 32 bit floating point values in memory the internal floating point data and register format is 80 bits wide while the general purpose registers are 32 bits wide in contrast the 64 bit alpha family uses a 64 bit floating point data and register format and 64 bit integer registers history edit many computer instruction sets are designed so that a single integer register can store the memory address to any location in the computer s physical or virtual memory therefore the total number of addresses to memory is often determined by the width of these registers the ibm system 360 of the 1960s was an early 32 bit computer it had 32 bit integer registers although it only used the low order 24 bits of a word for addresses resulting in a 16 mib 16 1024 2 bytes address space 32 bit superminicomputers such as the dec vax became common in the 1970s and 32 bit microprocessors such as the motorola 68000 family and the 32 bit members of the x86 family starting with the intel 80386 appeared in the mid 1980s making 32 bits something of a de facto consensus as a convenient register size a 32 bit address register meant that 2 32 addresses or 4 gb of random access memory ram could be referenced when these architectures were devised 4 gb of memory was so far beyond the typical amounts 4 mib in installations that this was considered to be enough headroom for addressing 4 29 billion addresses were considered an appropriate size to work with for another important reason 4 29 billion integers are enough to assign unique references to most entities in applications like databases most modern computers contain room for 8 32 billion unique addresses inside of their random access memory a 64 bit architecture can access an address 2 billion times higher the full 64 bit space will likely never be used citation needed some supercomputer architectures of the 1970s and 1980s such as the cray 1 3 used registers up to 64 bits wide and supported 64 bit integer arithmetic although they did not support 64 bit addressing in the mid 1980s intel i860 4 development began culminating in a 1989 release the i860 had 32 bit integer registers and 32 bit addressing so it was not a fully 64 bit processor although its graphics unit supported 64 bit integer arithmetic 5 however 32 bits remained the norm until the early 1990s when the continual reductions in the cost of memory led to installations with amounts of ram approaching 4 gb and the use of virtual memory spaces exceeding the 4 gb ceiling became desirable for handling certain types of problems in response mips and dec developed 64 bit microprocessor architectures initially for high end workstation and server machines by the mid 1990s hal computer systems sun microsystems ibm silicon graphics and hewlett packard had developed 64 bit architectures for their workstation and server systems a notable exception to this trend were mainframes from ibm which then used 32 bit data and 31 bit address sizes the ibm mainframes did not include 64 bit processors until 2000 during the 1990s several low cost 64 bit microprocessors were used in consumer electronics and embedded applications notably the nintendo 64 6 and the playstation 2 had 64 bit microprocessors before their introduction in personal computers high end printers network equipment and industrial computers also used 64 bit microprocessors such as the quantum effect devices r5000 7 64 bit computing started to trickle down to the personal computer desktop from 2003 onward when some models in apple s macintosh lines switched to powerpc 970 processors termed g5 by apple and advanced micro devices amd released its first 64 bit x86 64 processor physical memory eventually caught up with 32 bit limits in 2023 laptop computers were commonly equipped with 16gb and servers starting from 64 gb of memory 8 greatly exceeding the 4 gb address capacity of 32 bits 64 bit data timeline edit 1961 ibm delivers the ibm 7030 stretch supercomputer which uses 64 bit data words and 32 or 64 bit instruction words 1974 control data corporation launches the cdc star 100 vector supercomputer which uses a 64 bit word architecture prior cdc systems were based on a 60 bit architecture international computers limited launches the icl 2900 series with 32 bit 64 bit and 128 bit two s complement integers 64 bit and 128 bit floating point 32 bit 64 bit and 128 bit packed decimal and a 128 bit accumulator register the architecture has survived through a succession of icl and fujitsu machines the latest is the fujitsu supernova which emulates the original environment on 64 bit intel processors 1976 cray research delivers the first cray 1 supercomputer which is based on a 64 bit word architecture and will form the basis for later cray vector supercomputers 1983 elxsi launches the elxsi 6400 parallel minisupercomputer the elxsi architecture has 64 bit data registers but a 32 bit address space 1989 intel introduces the intel i860 reduced instruction set computer risc processor marketed as a 64 bit microprocessor it had essentially a 32 bit architecture enhanced with a 3d graphics unit capable of 64 bit integer operations 9 1993 atari introduces the atari jaguar video game console which includes some 64 bit wide data paths in its architecture 10 64 bit address timeline edit 1991 mips computer systems produces the first 64 bit microprocessor the r4000 which implements the mips iii architecture the third revision of its mips architecture 11 the cpu is used in sgi graphics workstations starting with the iris crimson kendall square research deliver their first ksr1 supercomputer based on a proprietary 64 bit risc processor architecture running osf 1 1992 digital equipment corporation dec introduces the pure 64 bit alpha architecture which was born from the prism project 12 1994 intel announces plans for the 64 bit ia 64 architecture jointly developed with hewlett packard as a successor to its 32 bit ia 32 processors a 1998 to 1999 launch date was targeted 1995 sun launches a 64 bit sparc processor the ultrasparc 13 fujitsu owned hal computer systems launches workstations based on a 64 bit cpu hal s independently designed first generation sparc64 ibm releases the a10 and a30 microprocessors the first 64 bit powerpc as processors 14 ibm also releases a 64 bit as 400 system upgrade which can convert the operating system database and applications 1996 nintendo introduces the nintendo 64 video game console built around a low cost variant of the mips r4000 hp releases the first implementation of its 64 bit pa risc 2 0 architecture the pa 8000 15 1998 ibm releases the power3 line of full 64 bit powerpc power processors 16 1999 intel releases the instruction set for the ia 64 architecture amd publicly discloses its set of 64 bit extensions to ia 32 called x86 64 later branded amd64 2000 ibm ships its first 64 bit z architecture mainframe the zseries z900 z architecture is a 64 bit version of the 32 bit esa 390 architecture a descendant of the 32 bit system 360 architecture 2001 intel ships its ia 64 processor line after repeated delays in getting to market now branded itanium and targeting high end servers sales fail to meet expectations 2003 amd introduces its opteron and athlon 64 processor lines based on its amd64 architecture which is the first x86 based 64 bit processor architecture apple also ships the 64 bit g5 powerpc 970 cpu produced by ibm intel maintains that its itanium chips would remain its only 64 bit processors 2004 intel reacting to the market success of amd admits it has been developing a clone of the amd64 extensions named ia 32e later renamed em64t then yet again renamed to intel 64 intel ships updated versions of its xeon and pentium 4 processor families supporting the new 64 bit instruction set via technologies announces the isaiah 64 bit processor 17 2006 sony ibm and toshiba begin manufacturing the 64 bit cell processor for use in the playstation 3 servers workstations and other appliances intel released core 2 duo as the first mainstream x86 64 processor for its mobile desktop and workstation line prior 64 bit extension processor lines were not widely available in the consumer retail market most of 64 bit pentium 4 d were oem 64 bit pentium 4 pentium d and celeron were not into mass production until late 2006 due to poor yield issue most of good yield wafers were targeted at server and mainframe while mainstream still remain 130 nm 32 bit processor line until 2006 and soon became low end after core 2 debuted amd released their first 64 bit mobile processor and manufactured in 90 nm 2011 arm holdings announces armv8 a the first 64 bit version of the arm architecture family 18 2012 arm holdings announced their cortex a53 and cortex a57 cores their first cores based on their 64 bit architecture on 30 october 2012 19 20 2013 apple announces the iphone 5s which is the first 64 bit processor in a smartphone the a7 armv8 a based system on a chip and the ipad air and ipad mini 2 which are the first tablets with 64 bit processors 2014 risc v with both 32 bit and 64 bit support was published 21 google announces the nexus 9 tablet the first android device to run on the 64 bit tegra k1 chip 2015 apple announces the ipod touch 6th generation the first ipod touch to use a 64 bit processor the a8 armv8 a based system on a chip alongside the apple tv 4th generation the first apple tv to use a 64 bit processor 2018 apple announces the apple watch series 4 the first apple watch to use a 64 bit processor the s4 armv8 a based system on a chip 2020 synopsis announce the arcv3 isa the first 64 bit version of the arc isa 22 apple releases the apple m1 which lacks support for 32 bit applications 2023 qualcomm releases the snapdragon 8 gen 3 and snapdragon x elite which lack support for 32 bit arm applications 64 bit operating system timeline edit 1985 cray releases unicos the first 64 bit implementation of the unix operating system 23 1993 dec releases the 64 bit dec osf 1 axp unix like operating system later renamed tru64 unix for its systems based on the alpha architecture 1994 support for the r8000 processor is added by silicon graphics to the irix operating system in release 6 0 1995 dec releases openvms 7 0 the first full 64 bit version of openvms for alpha first 64 bit linux distribution for the alpha architecture is released 24 1996 support for the r4x00 processors in 64 bit mode is added by silicon graphics to the irix operating system in release 6 2 1998 sun releases solaris 7 with full 64 bit ultrasparc support 2000 ibm releases z os a 64 bit operating system descended from mvs for the new zseries 64 bit mainframes 64 bit linux on z systems follows the cpu release almost immediately 2001 linux becomes the first os kernel to fully support x86 64 on a simulator as no x86 64 processors had been released yet 25 2001 microsoft releases windows xp 64 bit edition for the itanium s ia 64 architecture it could run 32 bit applications through an execution layer citation needed 2003 apple releases its mac os x 10 3 panther operating system which adds support for native 64 bit integer arithmetic on powerpc 970 processors 26 several linux distributions release with support for amd64 freebsd releases with support for amd64 2005 on january 4 microsoft discontinues windows xp 64 bit edition as no pcs with ia 64 processors had been available since the previous september and announces that it is developing x86 64 versions of windows to replace it 27 on january 31 sun releases solaris 10 with support for amd64 and em64t processors on april 29 apple releases mac os x 10 4 tiger which provides limited support for 64 bit command line applications on machines with powerpc 970 processors later versions for intel based macs supported 64 bit command line applications on macs with em64t processors on april 30 microsoft releases windows xp professional x64 edition and windows server 2003 x64 edition for amd64 and em64t processors 28 2006 microsoft releases windows vista including a 64 bit version for amd64 em64t processors that retains 32 bit compatibility in the 64 bit version all windows applications and components are 64 bit although many also have their 32 bit versions included for compatibility with plug ins citation needed 2007 apple releases mac os x 10 5 leopard which fully supports 64 bit applications on machines with powerpc 970 or em64t processors citation needed 2009 microsoft releases windows 7 which like windows vista includes a full 64 bit version for amd64 intel 64 processors most new computers are loaded by default with a 64 bit version microsoft also releases windows server 2008 r2 which is the first 64 bit only server operating system apple releases mac os x 10 6 snow leopard which ships wit...
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