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any java api 20 api use can vary depending on the type of programming language involved an api for a procedural language such as lua could consist primarily of basic routines to execute code manipulate data or handle errors while an api for an object oriented language such as java would provide a specification of classes and its class methods 21 22 hyrum s law states that with a sufficient number of users of an api it does not matter what you promise in the contract all observable behaviors of your system will be depended on by somebody 23 meanwhile several studies show that most applications that use an api tend to use a small part of the api 24 language bindings are also apis by mapping the features and capabilities of one language to an interface implemented in another language a language binding allows a library or service written in one language to be used when developing in another language 25 tools such as swig and f2py a fortran to python interface generator facilitate the creation of such interfaces 26 an api can also be related to a software framework a framework can be based on several libraries implementing several apis but unlike the normal use of an api the access to the behavior built into the framework is mediated by extending its content with new classes plugged into the framework itself moreover the overall program flow of control can be out of the control of the caller and in the framework s hands by inversion of control or a similar mechanism 27 28 operating systems an api can specify the interface between an application and the operating system 29 posix for example specifies a set of common apis that aim to enable an application written for a posix conformant operating system to be compiled for another posix conformant operating system linux and berkeley software distribution are examples of operating systems that implement the posix apis 30 microsoft has shown a strong commitment to a backward compatible api particularly within its windows api win32 library so older applications may run on newer versions of windows using an executable specific setting called compatibility mode 31 how much microsoft developers access to the company s operating systems internal apis is an advantage is unclear richard a shaffer of technologic computer letter in 1987 compared the situation to a baseball game in which microsoft owns all the bats and the field 32 and large vendors like lotus development and ashton tate reportedly received information about ms dos 5 0 that smaller software developers did not 33 ed esber of ashton tate said in a 1987 interview however that bill gates told him that his developers sometimes had to rewrite software based on early apis gates noted in the interview that microsoft s apple macintosh applications were more successful than those for ms dos because his company did not have to also devote resources to mac os 34 an api differs from an application binary interface abi in that an api is source code based while an abi is binary based for instance posix provides apis while the linux standard base provides an abi 35 36 remote apis remote apis allow developers to manipulate remote resources through protocols specific standards for communication that allow different technologies to work together regardless of language or platform for example the java database connectivity api allows developers to query many different types of databases with the same set of functions while the java remote method invocation api uses the java remote method protocol to allow invocation of functions that operate remotely but appear local to the developer 37 38 therefore remote apis are useful in maintaining the object abstraction in object oriented programming a method call executed locally on a proxy object invokes the corresponding method on the remote object using the remoting protocol and acquires the result to be used locally as a return value a modification of the proxy object will also result in a corresponding modification of the remote object 39 web apis main article web api when used in the context of web development an api is typically defined as a set of specifications such as hypertext transfer protocol http request messages along with a definition of the structure of response messages usually in an extensible markup language xml or javascript object notation json format an example might be a shipping company api that can be added to an ecommerce focused website to facilitate ordering shipping services and automatically include current shipping rates without the site developer having to enter the shipper s rate table into a web database while web api historically has been virtually synonymous with web service the recent when trend so called web 2 0 has been moving away from simple object access protocol soap based web services and service oriented architecture soa towards more direct representational state transfer rest style web resources and resource oriented architecture roa 40 part of this trend is related to the semantic web movement toward resource description framework rdf a concept to promote web based ontology engineering technologies web apis allow the combination of multiple apis into new applications known as mashups 41 in the social media space web apis have allowed web communities to facilitate sharing content and data between communities and applications in this way content that is created in one place can be dynamically posted and updated to multiple locations on the web 42 for example twitter s rest api allows developers to access core twitter data and the search api provides methods for developers to interact with twitter search and trends data 43 design the design of an api has significant impact on its usage 6 the principle of information hiding describes the role of programming interfaces as enabling modular programming by hiding the implementation details of the modules so that users of modules need not understand the complexities inside the modules 44 thus the design of an api attempts to provide only the tools a user would expect 6 the design of programming interfaces represents an important part of software architecture the organization of a complex piece of software 45 release policies apis are one of the more common ways technology companies integrate those that provide and use apis are considered as being members of a business ecosystem 46 the main policies for releasing an api are 47 private the api is for internal company use only partner only specific business partners can use the api for example vehicle for hire companies such as uber and lyft allow approved third party developers to directly order rides from within their apps this allows the companies to exercise quality control by curating which apps have access to the api and provides them with an additional revenue stream 48 public the api is available for use by the public for example microsoft makes the windows api public and apple releases its api cocoa so that software can be written for their platforms not all public apis are generally accessible by everybody for example internet service providers like cloudflare or voxility use restful apis to allow customers and resellers access to their infrastructure information ddos stats network performance or dashboard controls 49 access to such apis is granted either by api tokens or customer status validations 50 public api implications an important factor when an api becomes public is its interface stability changes to the api for example adding new parameters to a function call could break compatibility with the clients that depend on that api 51 when parts of a publicly presented api are subject to change and thus not stable such parts of a particular api should be documented explicitly as unstable for example in the google guava library the parts that are considered unstable and that might change soon are marked with the java annotation beta 52 a public api can sometimes declare parts of itself as deprecated or rescinded this usually means that part of the api should be considered a candidate for being removed or modified in a backward incompatible way therefore these changes allow developers to transition away from parts of the api that will be removed or not supported in the future 53 client code may contain innovative or opportunistic usages that were not intended by the api designers in other words for a library with a significant user base when an element becomes part of the public api it may be used in diverse ways 54 on february 19 2020 akamai published their annual state of the internet report showcasing the growing trend of cybercriminals targeting public api platforms at financial services worldwide from december 2017 through november 2019 akamai witnessed 85 42 billion credential violation attacks about 20 or 16 55 billion were against hostnames defined as api endpoints of these 473 5 million have targeted financial services sector organizations 55 api documentation api documentation describes what services an api offers and how to use those services aiming to cover everything a client would need to know for practical purposes documentation is crucial for the development and maintenance of applications using the api 56 api documentation is traditionally found in documentation files but can also be found in social media such as blogs forums and q a websites 57 traditional documentation files are often presented via a documentation system such as javadoc or pydoc that has a consistent appearance and structure however the types of content included in the documentation differs from api to api 58 in the interest of clarity api documentation may include a description of classes and methods in the api as well as typical usage scenarios code snippets design rationales performance discussions and contracts but implementation details of the api services themselves are usually omitted it can take a number of forms including instructional documents tutorials and reference works it ll also include a variety of information types including guides and functionalities restrictions and limitations on how the api can be used are also covered by the documentation for instance documentation for an api function could note that its parameters cannot be null that the function itself is not thread safe 59 because api documentation tends to be comprehensive it is a challenge for writers to keep the documentation updated and for users to read it carefully potentially yielding bugs 51 api documentation can be enriched with metadata information like java annotations this metadata can be used by the compiler tools and by the run time environment to implement custom behaviors or custom handling 60 it is possible to generate api documentation in a data driven manner by observing many programs that use a given api it is possible to infer the typical usages as well the required contracts and directives 61 then templates can be used to generate natural language from the mined data dispute over copyright protection for apis main article google llc v oracle america inc in 2010 oracle corporation sued google for having distributed a new implementation of java embedded in the android operating system 62 google had not acquired any permission to reproduce the java api although permission had been given to the similar openjdk project judge william alsup ruled in the oracle v google case that apis cannot be copyrighted in the u s and that a victory for oracle would have widely expanded copyright protection to a functional set of symbols and allowed the copyrighting of simple software commands to accept oracle s claim would be to allow anyone to copyright one version of code to carry out a system of commands and thereby bar all others from writing its different versions to carry out all or part of the same commands 63 64 alsup s ruling was overturned in 2014 on appeal to the court of appeals for the federal circuit though the question of whether such use of apis constitutes fair use was left unresolved 65 66 in 2016 following a two week trial a jury determined that google s reimplementation of the java api constituted fair use but oracle vowed to appeal the decision 67 oracle won on its appeal with the court of appeals for the federal circuit ruling that google s use of the apis did not qualify for fair use 68 in 2019 google appealed to the supreme court of the united states over both the copyrightability and fair use rulings and the supreme court granted review 69 due to the covid 19 pandemic the oral hearings in the case were delayed until october 2020 70 the case was decided by the supreme court in google s favor 71 examples main category application programming interfaces aspi for scsi device interfacing cocoa and carbon for the macintosh directx for microsoft windows ehllapi java apis odbc for microsoft windows openal cross platform sound api opencl cross platform api for general purpose computing for cpus gpus opengl cross platform graphics api openmp api that supports multi platform shared memory multiprocessing programming in c c and fortran on many architectures including unix and microsoft windows platforms server application programming interface sapi simple directmedia layer sdl see also api testing api writer application binary interface augmented web calling convention common object request broker architecture corba comparison of application virtual machines document object model dom foreign function interface front and back ends interface computing interface control document list of 3d graphics apis microservices name mangling open api open service interface definitions parsing plugin raml software software development kit sdk web api web content vendor xpcom references perron brian e luan hui qi zia victor bryan g goyal kavin 2024 demystifying application programming interfaces apis unlocking the power of large language models and other web based ai services in social work research arxiv 2410 20211 cs se 1 2 reddy martin 2011 api design for c elsevier science p 1 isbn 978 0 12 385004 1 1 2 lane kin october 10 2019 intro to apis history of apis postman retrieved september 18 2020 when you hear the acronym api or its expanded version application programming interface it is almost always in reference to our modern approach in that we use http to provide access to machine readable data in a json or xml format often simply referred to as web apis apis have been around almost as long as computing but modern web apis began taking shape in the early 2000s 1 2 pedro bruno 2024 building an api product design implement release and maintain api products that meet user needs packt publishing p 4 isbn 978 1 83763 853 6 biehl matthias 2016 restful api design api university press p 10 isbn 978 1 5147 3516 9 1 2 3 clarke steven 2004 measuring api usability dr dobb s retrieved 29 july 2016 jin brenda sahni saurabh shevat amir 2018 preface designing web apis building apis that developers ...