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lities including the duchy of brabant the county of flanders the prince bishopric of liège the county of namur the county of hainaut and the county of luxembourg belgium s modern shape can be traced back at least as far as the spanish netherlands during the eighty years war 1568 1648 which is when the dutch republic in the north split from the southern netherlands from which belgium and luxembourg developed the area briefly came under bourbon control during the war of the spanish succession the resulting peace of utrecht transferred the area back to habsburg control creating the austrian netherlands the french revolutionary wars led to belgium becoming part of france in 1795 after the defeat of the french in 1814 the congress of vienna created two new states the united kingdom of the netherlands and the grand duchy of luxembourg which were placed in dynastic union under the house of orange nassau the southern netherlands rebelled during the 1830 belgian revolution establishing the modern belgian state officially recognized at the london conference of 1830 the first king of belgium leopold i assumed the throne in 1831 the first half of the twentieth century was tumultuous its historic neutrality was violated in each of the world wars during world war i frustrated german invaders launched the rape of belgium during the 1940 invasion the quick surrender by leopold iii of belgium to german forces drove a wedge between the king and his people the king s attempt to return led to a constitutional crisis in 1950 which led to his abdication in favor of his son baudouin belgium entered the second half of the twentieth century showing an unprecedented era of economic growth as belgium took an active role in the formation of the benelux customs union with its neighbors ultimately the benelux union would serve as a model for the european economic community a precursor to the european union to this day brussels serves as the seat of many of the european union institutions domestically the country has faced divisions over differences of language and unequal economic development this ongoing antagonism has caused far reaching reforms since the 1970s it is now divided into three regions dutch speaking flanders in the north french speaking wallonia in the south and bilingual brussels in the middle since the 1990s belgium has become involved in several international conflicts under the aegis of various united nations peacekeeping forces including the rwandan civil war the ongoing civil wars in somalia the kosovo war and several others environmental concerns came to a head in the dioxin affair bringing down the belgian government of jean luc dehaene s premiership since then the belgian political landscape has become increasingly politically fragmented after the 2010 belgian federal election it took nearly a year to form a government and in more recent elections a growing right wing flemish nationalist movement has had a strong influence over domestic politics names edit belgium and flanders were the first two common names used for the burgundian netherlands which was the predecessor of the austrian netherlands the predecessor of belgium 1 the county of flanders was the original foothold of the burgundian dukes in the region to which other territories were later attached belgium is originally a latin term used by julius caesar 2 referring to an area now mostly in northern france where the tribes ruling the military alliance of the belgae lived 3 4 under roman rule this region was the equivalent of the province of belgica secunda which stretched into the coastal flemish part of modern belgium in late roman and medieval times the term belgium tended to be used to refer to roman belgica prima and its successor upper lotharingia in the moselle region of germany luxembourg and france only slowly did the old term start to be used for the area which is now the netherlands and belgium a key turning point when it was used specifically to refer to the southern part of the netherlands was during the brabant revolution in 1790 this terminology was revived after the better known revolution of 1830 when modern belgium broke out of the post waterloo united kingdom of the netherlands prehistory edit flint knives discovered in belgian caves on belgian territory neanderthal fossils were discovered at engis in 1829 30 and elsewhere some dating back to at least 100 000 bc 5 the earliest neolithic farming technology of northern europe the so called lbk culture reached the east of belgium at its furthest northwesterly stretch from its origins in southeast europe its expansion stopped in the hesbaye region of eastern belgium around 5000 bc the belgian lbk is notable for its use of defensive walls around villages 6 7 8 limburg pottery and la hoguette pottery are styles which stretch into northwestern france and the netherlands but it has sometimes been argued that these technologies are the result of pottery technology spreading beyond the original lbk farming population and being made by hunter gatherers 9 a slightly later starting neolithic culture found in central wallonia is the so called groupe de blicquy which may represent an offshoot of the lbk settlers one notable archaeological site in this region is the neolithic flint mines of spiennes 7 farming in belgium failed to take permanent hold at first the lbk and blicquy cultures disappeared and there is a long gap before a new farming culture the michelsberg culture appeared and became widespread hunter gatherers of the swifterbant culture apparently remained in the sandy north of belgium but apparently became more and more influenced by farming and pottery technology 7 in the third and late fourth millennia bc the whole of flanders shows relatively little evidence of human habitation 10 the seine oise marne culture spread into the ardennes and is associated with megalithic sites there for example wéris but did not disperse over all of belgium to the north and east in the netherlands a semi sedentary culture group has been proposed to have existed the so called vlaardingen wartburg stein complex which possibly developed from the above mentioned swifterbant and michelsburg cultures 11 the same pattern continues into the late neolithic and early bronze age in the last part of the neolithic evidence is found for the corded ware and bell beaker cultures in the south of the netherlands the population of belgium started to increase permanently with the late bronze age from around 1750 bc three possibly related european cultures arrived in sequence first the urnfield culture arrived then coming into the iron age the hallstatt culture and the la tène culture all three of these are associated with indo european languages from 500 bc celtic tribes settled in the region and traded with the mediterranean world from c 150 bc the first coins came into use celtic and roman periods edit the roman province of gallia belgica in around 120 ad main article gallia belgica when julius caesar arrived in the region as recorded in his de bello gallico the inhabitants of belgium northwestern france and the german rhineland were known as the belgae and they were considered to be the northern part of gaul the region of luxembourg including the part of the belgian province of luxembourg around arlon was inhabited by the treveri the exact nature of the distinction between the belgae to the north and the celts to the south and the germani across the rhine is disputed 12 caesar said that the belgae were separated from the rest of gaul by language law and custom and he also said they had germanic ancestry on the other hand linguists have proposed that there is evidence that the northern part of the belgic population had previously spoken an indo european language related to but distinct from celtic and germanic see belgian language and nordwestblock 12 the leaders of the belgic alliance which caesar confronted were in modern france the suessiones viromandui and ambiani and perhaps some of their neighbours in an area that he appears to distinguish as the true belgium of classical times 13 concerning the territory of modern belgium he reported that the more northerly allies of the belgae from west to east the menapii nervii and germani cisrhenani were less economically developed and more warlike similar to the germani east of the rhine river the menapii and northern germani lived among low thorny forests islands and swamps and the central belgian nervii lands were deliberately planted with thick hedges to be impenetrable to cavalry there is also less archaeological evidence of large settlements and trade in the area modern linguists use the word germanic to refer to languages but it is not known for sure whether even the belgian germani spoke a germanic language and their tribal and personal names are clearly celtic archaeologists have also had difficulty finding evidence of the exact migrations from east of the rhine which caesar reports and more generally there has been skepticism about using him in this way due to the political motives of his commentaries but the archaeological record gives the impression that the classical belgian germani were a relatively stable population going back to urnfield times with a more recently immigrated elite class 14 surviving roman city walls in tongeren the former city of atuatuca tongrorum the menapii and nervii flourished within the roman province of gallia belgica along with the southern belgae and the treveri these roman provinces were broken into civitates each with a capital city and each representing one of the major tribal groups named by caesar at first only one tongeren capital of the tungri was in modern belgium later the capital of the menapii was moved from cassel in modern france to tournai in belgium the nervian capital was in the south of the territory in modern france at bavay and later moved to cambrai trier the capital of the treveri is today in germany the northeastern corner of this province including tongeren and the area of the earlier germani was united with the militarized rhine border to form a newer province known as germania inferior 15 with capital colonia agrippina cologne in germany 15 emperor diocletian restructured the provinces around 300 and split the remaining belgica into two provinces belgica prima and belgica secunda belgica prima was the eastern part and had trier as its main city and included part of the belgian province of luxembourg it became one of the most important roman cities in western europe in the 3rd century christianity was introduced to belgium during the late roman period and the first known bishop in the region servatius taught in the middle of the fourth century in tongeren early middle ages edit saint servatius bishop of tongeren and one of the first known christian figures in the region 16th century reliquary in the middle ages the old roman civitates became the basis of christian dioceses and the row of dioceses which form the core of modern belgium tournai cambrai and liège were the most northerly continental areas to retain a romanized culture the modern belgian language boundary derives from this period as the area was a contact point of frankish and romanized populations as the western roman empire lost power germanic tribes came to dominate the military and then form kingdoms coastal flanders the old territory of the menapii became part of the saxon shore in inland northern belgium franks from the roman frontier in the rhine delta were allowed to re settle in toxandria in the 4th century wallonia remained more heavily romanized although it eventually became subject to franks in the 5th century franks remained important in the roman military and the romanized frankish merovingian dynasty eventually took over northern france clovis i the best known king of this dynasty first conquered romanized northern france later called neustria then turned north to the frankish lands later referred to as austrasia which included all or most of belgium christian missionaries preached to the populace and started a wave of conversion southern part of the low countries with bishopry towns and abbeys c 7th century abbeys were the onset to larger villages and even some towns to reshape the landscape the merovingian dynasty was succeeded by the carolingian dynasty whose family power base was in and around the eastern part of modern belgium after charles martel countered the moorish invasion from spain 732 poitiers king charlemagne brought a huge part of europe under his rule and was crowned the emperor of the new holy roman empire by the pope leo iii in 800 the vikings raided widely throughout this period but a major settlement that had caused problems in the area of belgium was defeated in 891 by arnulf of carinthia in the battle of leuven the frankish lands were divided and reunified several times under the merovingian and carolingian dynasties but eventually were firmly divided into france and the holy roman empire the parts of the county of flanders west of the river scheldt became part of france during the middle ages but the remainders of the county of flanders and the low countries were part of the holy roman empire specifically the stem duchy of lower lotharingia which had a period as an independent kingdom through the early middle ages the northern part of present day belgium flanders was a germanic language speaking area whereas in the southern part people had continued to be romanized and spoke derivatives of vulgar latin the gravensteen in ghent whose current buildings date to 1180 was the castle of the counts of flanders as the holy roman emperors and french kings lost effective control of their domains in the 11th and 12th centuries the territory more or less corresponding to the present belgium was divided into relatively independent feudal states including the county of flanders the marquisate of namur the duchy of brabant see also duke of brabant the county of hainaut the duchy of limburg the county of luxembourg the prince bishopric of liège the territory over which the bishop ruled as a lord which was smaller than the diocese the coastal county of flanders was one of the wealthiest parts of europe in the late middle ages from trading with england france and germany and it became culturally important during the 11th and 12th centuries the rheno mosan or mosan art movement flourished in the region moving its centre from cologne and trier to liège maastricht and aachen late middle ages and renaissance edit 14th century illustration of the battle of the golden spurs in 1302 where forces from the county of flanders defeated their nominal overlords of the kingdom of france in this period many cities including ypres bruges and ghent obtained their city charter the hanseatic league stimulated trade in the region and the period saw the erection of many gothic cathedrals and city halls 16 with the decline of the holy roman emperors power startin...
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