Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, history, military, government, references, ould, 1978, 1984, 2005, coup, 2008, mauritania, contents, page, version, status, etymology, geography, politics, economy, demographics, culture, see, also, further, reading, external, links, early, colonial, conflict, with, western, sahara, daddah, era, 1960, cmrn, cmsn, governments, taya, rule, august, 2007, presidential, elections, 2018, 2019, present, wildlife, administrative, divisions, largest, cities, religion, languages, health, education, human, rights, modern, slavery, traditional, arts, handicrafts, music, cinema, media, literature, sports, cuisine, citations, general, cited, explanatory, notes, tourism, maps,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (760), and (311), #mauritania (262), from (172), archived (122), retrieved (111), original (108), with (67), for (63), was (59), august (50), that (50), june (49), edit (49), slavery (48), 2025 (47), country (47), mauritanian (47), 2020 (47), africa (45), 2008 (45), african (44), ould (43), this (39), arab (39), president (38), are (37), july (36), december (36), may (35), 2024 (35), articles (34), march (34), 2023 (32), french (32), sahara (32), 2021 (30), military (30), states (29), national (29), international (29), rights (29), coup (29), main (29), united (28), human (28), april (27), population (27), isbn (27), world (27), its (27), history (26), western (24), were (24), government (23), february (23), 2012 (23), has (23), new (22), september (21), 2019 (21), arabic (21), october (21), senegal (21), news (21), which (21), west (20), south (20), 2010 (20), 978 (20), pdf (20), 000 (20), presidential (20), article (20), all (19), countries (19), islamic (19), republic (19), state (19), mohamed (19), elections (19), january (19), 2018 (19), have (19), november (18), north (18), central (18), some (18), nouakchott (18), 2026 (17), 2017 (17), saharan (17), morocco (17), also (17), had (17), wayback (16), economic (16), under (15), other (15), people (15), members (15), department (15), part (15), machine (15), one (15), aziz (15), been (15), modern (14), france (14), abdel (14), general (14), peoples (14), torture (14), desert (14), capital (14), wikipedia (13), language (13), nations (13), official (13), index (13), day (13), women (13), minister (13), 2022 (13), 2015 (13), 2007 (13), many (13), 2005 (13), not (13), into (13), after (13), links (12), 1960 (12), economy (12), first (12), relations (12), law (12), who (12), most (12), region (12), ethnic (12), abdallahi (12), became (12), languages (11), non (11), sources (11), unsourced (11), education (11), largest (11), council (11), political (11), 2011 (11), global (11), report (11), 2009 (11), bbc (11), against (11), power (11), conflict (11), independence (11), despite (11), berber (11), taya (11), about (10), member (10), parliament (10), mali (10), gdp (10), foreign (10), islam (10), algeria (10), development (10), system (10), regions (10), colonial (10), press (10), 2014 (10), but (10), groups (10), mauritanians (10), two (10), needed (10), section (10), during (10), toggle (9), page (9), references (9), including (9), union (9), area (9), media (9), culture (9), election (9), religion (9), constitution (9), 1984 (9), present (9), com (9), their (9), 2016 (9), amnesty (9), ancient (9), ghazouani (9), term (9), years (9), sub (9), being (9), since (9), century (9), late (9), last (8), statements (8), former (8), territories (8), aligned (8), league (8), guinea (8), cities (8), security (8), social (8), society (8), prime (8), 1978 (8), cnn (8), there (8), around (8), haratin (8), party (8), according (8), citations (8), known (8), such (8), however (8), moors (8), year (8), adrar (8), wolof (8), hodh (8), citation (8), war (8), took (8), rule (8), legal (7), organization (7), pages (7), external (7), english (7), movement (7), francophonie (7), org (7), university (7), coast (7), egypt (7), demographics (7), second (7), sudan (7), east (7), free (7), politics (7), agency (7), affairs (7), assembly (7), geography (7), portal (7), sports (7), nouadhibou (7), chinguetti (7), freedom (7), total (7), made (7), reuters (7), doi (7), several (7), regime (7), army (7), black (7), three (7), atlantic (7), these (7), still (7), forces (7), early (7), elected (7), his (7), territory (7), opposition (7), daddah (7), tribes (7), mauretania (7), subsection (7), additional (6), use (6), dead (6), established (6), organisation (6), encyclopedia (6), israel (6), data (6), control (6), related (6), ghana (6), congo (6), per (6), northern (6), single (6), flag (6), commission (6), peace (6), health (6), innovation (6), justice (6), group (6), music (6), through (6), relationships (6), exists (6), between (6), over (6), 2000 (6), referendum (6), based (6), corruption (6), what (6), officers (6), see (6), nomadic (6), traditions (6), traditional (6), city (6), they (6), more (6), considered (6), majority (6), while (6), soninke (6), name (6), learn (6), when (6), help (6), adding (6), later (6), search (5), statistics (5), using (5), needing (5), cooperation (5), where (5), historical (5), niger (5), qatar (5), mauritius (5), democratic (5), peaceful (5), cultural (5), third (5), bank (5), force (5), pan (5), tourism (5), agriculture (5), life (5), islands (5), parties (5), wildlife (5), key (5), resources (5), 2001 (5), stronghold (5), 1991 (5), municipal (5), past (5), out (5), high (5), number (5), discrimination (5), slaves (5), largely (5), jstor (5), thousands (5), junta (5), senate (5), ahmed (5), house (5), oil (5), include (5), forms (5), hassaniya (5), place (5), both (5), estimated (5), among (5), end (5), only (5), forced (5), them (5), almost (5), following (5), internal (5), continued (5), 102 (5), used (5), local (5), ech (5), chargui (5), bidhan (5), 1980s (5), operation (5), armed (5), savanna (5), how (5), remove (5), message (5), please (5), material (5), challenged (5), removed (5), reliable (5), improve (5), pressure (5), ties (5), contents (4), policy (4), foundation (4), wikidata (4), spanish (4), containing (4), portuguese (4), dictionary (4), projects (4), category (4), des (4), emirates (4), community (4), tunisia (4), djibouti (4), comoros (4), chad (4), center (4), technology (4), bureau (4), structure (4), capita (4), declaration (4), 1989 (4), saudi (4), libya (4), border (4), trans (4), summit (4), gold (4), institutions (4), monetary (4), fund (4), court (4), chairperson (4), permanent (4), sport (4), european (4), kingdom (4), sahrawi (4), limited (4), child (4), chief (4), departments (4), atlas (4), library (4), sidi (4), publishing (4), anthony (4), guardian (4), head (4), issn (4), manuscripts (4), moorish (4), tuareg (4), sahelian (4), men (4), descendants (4), longer (4), 2013 (4), enslaved (4), activists (4), office (4), independent (4), practices (4), influences (4), those (4), saharans (4), cia (4), factbook (4), administrative (4), show (4), abolished (4), richat (4), ecoregion (4), europe (4), arrest (4), arrested (4), ruling (4), 2004 (4), 1981 (4), public (4), himpan (4), books (4), outlook (4), database (4), cuisine (4), support (4), literature (4), within (4), series (4), called (4), various (4), natural (4), 124 (4), estimates (4), white (4), generally (4), often (4), create (4), prison (4), southern (4), violence (4), cheikh (4), expenditure (4), due (4), estimate (4), pulaar (4), trarza (4), assaba (4), million (4), composed (4), near (4), though (4), interior (4), current (4), guard (4), held (4), until (4), river (4), woodlands (4), plateaus (4), gradually (4), accepted (4), position (4), time (4), newspapers (4), vall (4), colonel (4), led (4), officially (4), senegalese (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), view (3), statement (3), code (3), text (3), terms (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), commons (3), hidden (3), cs1 (3), potentially (3), incomprehensible (3), written (3), american (3), changes (3), internationale (3), developed (3), geographic (3), agence (3), burkina (3), faso (3), mozambique (3), gambia (3), observers (3), regional (3), togo (3), saint (3), lebanon (3), ivory (3), bissau (3), gabon (3), cyprus (3), cameroon (3), benin (3), india (3), indonesia (3), 3rd (3), five (3), agencies (3), nam (3), science (3), organizations (3), seventh (3), fourth (3), oic (3), muslim (3), yemen (3), syria (3), somalia (3), palestine (3), jordan (3), iraq (3), secretary (3), transport (3), market (3), standard (3), anthem (3), charter (3), energy (3), committees (3), committee (3), borders (3), canary (3), staff (3), website (3), demographic (3), libraries (3), pazzanita (3), democracy (3), further (3), notes (3), heritage (3), eds (3), epic (3), link (3), especially (3), service (3), illegal (3), york (3), programme (3), irin (3), prisoner (3), undp (3), mauritanie (3), death (3), penalty (3), approximately (3), 1993 (3), found (3), studies (3), division (3), our (3), middle (3), issues (3), intelligence (3), 1992 (3), wetlands (3), business (3), google (3), fair (3), ousted (3), leader (3), 2006 (3), repression (3), afrique (3), nord (3), nomads (3), yemeni (3), mint (3), location (3), ranked (3), form (3), centuries (3), oral (3), halpulaar (3), remains (3), important (3), worn (3), significant (3), jewelry (3), vast (3), live (3), arabs (3), arabized (3), 122 (3), administration (3), little (3), having (3), although (3), descent (3), widespread (3), transition (3), harsh (3), problems (3), sanctions (3), said (3), 1999 (3), 100 (3), plateau (3), status (3), inhabitants (3), roman (3), sunni (3), gorgol (3), brakna (3), tiris (3), gharbi (3), roughly (3), concentrated (3), era (3), poor (3), nation (3), account (3), tagant (3), defense (3), semi (3), areas (3), arguin (3), regarded (3), palearctic (3), lies (3), steppe (3), along (3), southeast (3), home (3), scarps (3), southwest (3), spring (3), isolated (3), northeast (3), dunes (3), ocean (3), plains (3), result (3), maghreb (3), refugees (3), 150 (3), recognize (3), gained (3), now (3), guards (3), état (3), scholar (3), find (3), relies (3), source (3), originally (3), brought (3), tensions (3), expelled (3), haidallah (3), claims (3), polisario (3), occupied (3), indigenous (3), beginning (3), empire (3), beni (3), hassan (3), migrated (3), version (3), tools (3), bahasa (3), 254 (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), site (2), utc (2), categories (2), coordinates (2), sister (2), project (2), dated (2), specifically (2), marked (2), weasel (2), worded (2), phrases (2), url (2), template (2), clarification (2), infobox (2), symbol (2), protected (2), short (2), description (2), different (2), least (2), ukraine (2), switzerland (2), artists (2), authority (2), wikivoyage (2), travel (2), guides (2), lgbt (2), thailand (2), nova (2), malta (2), bosnia (2), herzegovina (2), angola (2), belgium (2), seychelles (2), são (2), tomé (2), príncipe (2), rwanda (2), madagascar (2), greece (2), equatorial (2), cape (2), verde (2), burundi (2), armenia (2), albania (2), nasser (2), yugoslavia (2), josip (2), broz (2), tito (2), 19th (2), 7th (2), principles (2), art (2), network (2), youth (2), diversity (2), centre (2), technical (2), zimbabwe (2), tanzania (2), exports (2), sixth (2), fifth (2), resolution (2), 1990 (2), abuja (2), front (2), communities (2), uganda (2), sierra (2), leone (2), arabia (2), oman (2), nigeria (2), kuwait (2), bahrain (2), latin (2), caricom (2), air (2), trade (2), ethiopia (2), bases (2), command (2), mining (2), blue (2), infrastructure (2), representatives (2), executive (2), extreme (2), points (2), malagasy (2), eritrea (2), joint (2), fully (2), asia (2), outline (2), leblouh (2), films (2), marriage (2), ouguiya (2), currency (2), enforcement (2), ecoregions (2), maps (2), visit (2), analysis (2), ending (2), scarecrow (2), publishers (2), reading (2), jumhūriyyah (2), islāmiyyah (2), mūrītāniyyah (2), romanized (2), الجمهورية (2), الإسلامية (2), الموريتانية (2), explanatory (2), encyclopædia (2), britannica (2), cited (2), complex (2), afcon (2), worst (2), team (2), cup (2), stadiums (2), stade (2), preserved (2), james (2), thomas (2), mass (2), unesco (2), heydinn (2), robert (2), walk (2), must (2), tell (2), cases (2), familial (2), old (2), maybe (2), wish (2), continue (2), dept (2), abolition (2), john (2), warn (2), joins (2), gov (2), commissioner (2), expert (2), application (2), laws (2), heart (2), daniel (2), says (2), property (2), ecosystems (2), fanar (2), nbc (2), contested (2), school (2), living (2), christianity (2), henry (2), louis (2), caste (2), consisting (2), 140 (2), like (2), believed (2), descended (2), s2cid (2), 3171969 (2), 2307 (2), prospects (2), 1950 (2), taoudeni (2), basin (2), production (2), wins (2), results (2), florida (2), eye (2), pmid (2), half (2), terrestrial (2), realm (2), geological (2), migrants (2), sentenced (2), arrests (2), probe (2), sworn (2), g20 (2), leaders (2), brisbane (2), renegade (2), stage (2), themedialine (2), seize (2), daily (2), times (2), lawmakers (2), vote (2), woodside (2), crackdown (2), 2003 (2), watch (2), campaign (2), terror (2), environment (2), woodward (2), bob (2), post (2), migration (2), racial (2), 9781315869544 (2), bradt (2), cambridge (2), 3171941 (2), waves (2), almoravid (2), volume (2), almoravids (2), jihad (2), sabatier (2), diane (2), brigitte (2), identity (2), occidentale (2), français (2), volumes (2), transfer (2), candidate (2), declared (2), longman (2), gini (2), numbers (2), green (2), served (2), rounds (2), building (2), popular (2), 139 (2), football (2), tradition (2), study (2), authors (2), documents (2), holding (2), musical (2), maintain (2), own (2), soninké (2), formation (2), channel (2), taken (2), television (2), cinema (2), musicians (2), blend (2), played (2), leatherwork (2), produced (2), long (2), culturally (2), silversmiths (2), metalwork (2), arts (2), handicrafts (2), customs (2), belief (2), order (2), poverty (2), limits (2), opportunities (2), themselves (2), any (2), stated (2), owning (2), applied (2), elites (2), exist (2), speaking (2), berbers (2), sufficient (2), antislavery (2), successfully (2), 119 (2), 1905 (2), already (2), decree (2), criminal (2), skinned (2), same (2), even (2), stating (2), currently (2), 121 (2), line (2), particularly (2), marginalization (2), labor (2), female (2), genital (2), mutilation (2), detainees (2), employed (2), reported (2), allegations (2), severe (2), accused (2), coordinated (2), information (2), educated (2), increasing (2), ppp (2), 101 (2), acts (2), 600 (2), prohibitions (2), few (2), great (2), influence (2), 500 (2), mostly (2), guidimagha (2), sélibaby (2), rosso (2), néma (2), zemmour (2), zouérat (2), atar (2), kaédi (2), 995 (2), kiffa (2), atrous (2), dakhlet (2), pop (2), rank (2), towns (2), list (2), remaining (2), discovered (2), small (2), scale (2), make (2), recent (2), signed (2), mission (2), esaf (2), drought (2), rich (2), low (2), recurrent (2), droughts (2), 1970s (2), extensive (2), companies (2), farmers (2), akjoujt (2), map (2), district (2), special (2), ministry (2), divisions (2), rayess (2), size (2), numerous (2), conflicts (2), police (2), upper (2), abroad (2), arid (2), rainfall (2), park (2), coastal (2), afrotropical (2), biogeographic (2), acacia (2), sudanian (2), realms (2), migrate (2), cite (2), rock (2), concentric (2), extend (2), sandy (2), highest (2), elevation (2), peaks (2), larger (2), toward (2), sand (2), increase (2), meters (2), extended (2), mid (2), sahel (2), northwest (2), 400 (2), 030 (2), fled (2), spread (2), criticized (2), unanimously (2), figures (2), resignation (2), civilian (2), resigned (2), protest (2), him (2), claimed (2), supported (2), authoritarian (2), internationally (2), diplomatic (2), aid (2), caused (2), eventually (2), village (2), broke (2), bloodless (2), basep (2), came (2), dismissed (2), fired (2), senior (2), palace (2), won (2), final (2), promised (2), approved (2), establishment (2), another (2), ally (2), aided (2), put (2), activities (2), calling (2), maaouya (2), sid (2), 1990s (2), joined (2), started (2), anti (2), grew (2), increasingly (2), pro (2), nationalist (2), directed (2), existing (2), dakar (2), planned (2), coups (2), replaced (2), cmrn (2), cmsn (2), governments (2), 1976 (2), moktar (2), needs (2), wishes (2), evidence (2), set (2), dominant (2), suggested (2), hassane (2), 1902 (2), than (2), 1904 (2), armies (2), succeeded (2), emirate (2), xavier (2), coppolani (2), effort (2), 11th (2), muslims (2), bafour (2), previously (2), primarily (2), land (2), flourished (2), derives (2), mauri (2), mediterranean (2), etymology (2), recognized (2), 28th (2), medium (2), billion (2), 967 (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), sesotho (2), norsk (2), karai (2), беларуская (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, developers, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, agree, registered, trademark, profit, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, unfit, webarchive, recorded, pronunciations, phonos, extension, caption, type, parameters, gadget, wikiminiatlas, permanently, dmy, dates, pending, maghrebi, republics, establishments, https, php, title, oldid, 1376168162, yale, lux, i̇slâm, ansiklopedisi, nara, idref, kulturnav, musicbrainz, norway, czech, japan, bnf, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, databases, portals, senghor, francophone, tv5monde, affoi, prix, cinq, continents, jeux, universitaire, coopération, culturelle, technique, assemblée, parlementaire, suspended, uruguay, korea, slovenia, slovakia, saarland, poland, ontario, scotia, montenegro, mexico, louisiana, lithuania, latvia, ireland, hungary, georgia, polynesia, estonia, dominican, czechia, croatia, costa, rica, chile, austria, argentina, serbia, caledonia, kosovo, associate, quebec, brunswick, vietnam, vanuatu, lucia, romania, monaco, moldova, macedonia, luxembourg, laos, haiti, dominica, canada, cambodia, bulgaria, andorra, denotes, sirimavo, bandaranaike, nicolás, maduro, morsi, nelson, mandela, fidel, castro, houari, boumédiène, gamal, kwame, nkrumah, jawaharlal, nehru, sukarno, founders, 18th, 16th, 10th, 9th, 8th, 6th, 5th, 4th, 2nd, 1st, brioni, meeting, bandung, conference, summits, coexistence, gallery, nonaligned, pool, developing, coordinating, sri, lanka, turkish, cypriot, imports, ninth, eighth, extraordinary, sessions, ministers, cairo, declarations, moro, liberation, russia, uzbekistan, turkmenistan, turkey, tajikistan, suriname, pakistan, maldives, malaysia, kyrgyzstan, kazakhstan, iran, guyana, brunei, bangladesh, azerbaijan, afghanistan, hissein, brahim, taha, federation, federal, afro, theory, caribbean, highway, continental, nepad, currencies, passport, emblem, symbols, ambassadors, enlargement, aprm, space, afripol, civil, aviation, centres, disease, prevention, specialised, misca, amisom, amis, amib, unamid, panel, wise, standby, acirc, payment, settlement, investment, financial, cross, cutting, programs, industry, rural, sciences, humanitarian, ecosocc, gallagher, estate, secretariat, aucc, deputy, specialized, organs, unity, lome, sirte, treaty, monrovia, casablanca, decolonisation, africanism, games, olympic, arabism, monitors, initiative, diplomacy, candidates, venezuela, brazil, membership, defence, headquarters, lists, socotra, plazas, soberanía, melilla, ceuta, spain, savage, madeira, portugal, pelagian, pantelleria, italy, réunion, mayotte, helena, ascension, tristan, cunha, îles, éparses, dependent, somaliland, unclear, sovereignty, recognition, zambia, namibia, malawi, liberia, lesotho, kenya, eswatini, partly, botswana, sovereign, polygamy, crime, precolonial, openstreetmap, presidency, futures, forecasts, your, sene, trafford, 1426971617, ignored, cries, pain, injustice, ruf, urs, transcript, verlag, 3933127495, hierarchy, dependency, gender, 0810855960, murphy, joseph, 1998, crossgar, 1892277046, photographs, hudson, peter, flamingo, 0006543589, travels, foster, noel, lynne, rienner, 1935049302, struggle, mūrītānyā, موريتانيا, build, bein, thumps, qualifying, obscura, mandraud, isabelle, 0261, 3077, efe, digital, schmidtke, sabine, cuno, weiss, los, angeles, getty, publications, atrocities, ich, liu, ornament, amulets, crosses, aesthetics, thought, equality, probably, days, older, generations, masters, reasons, affinity, interests, something, totally, finished, phenomenon, believe, can, profits, commerce, responds, accusations, rampant, yorker, fighter, slaving, abolitionist, crusade, 258, tier, season, institute, month, yasser, sage, jesse, kasten, liora, macmillan, 4039, 7493, true, stories, sutter, middleeasteye, net, differentiating, facts, fiction, peyton, nellie, draft, document, 2027, safeguards, work, urges, presse, regrets, magnowski, routine, afr, 009, sillah, ebrimah, inter, chains, jewellery, confessions, extracted, sapa, rising, research, finds, reports, dutta, soumitra, lanvin, bruno, 805, 3797, 34667, tind, 58864, intellectual, crossroads, wipo, gii, explorer, rage, bibl, szeged, struggles, love, fat, hdrstats, adopts, africanews, adopte, une, loi, contestée, sur, les, langues, école, denies, banning, mehta, hemant, patheos, passes, mandating, blasphemy, evans, atheists, suffer, persecution, lamport, mark, rowman, littlefield, 497, christian, nationals, 9781442271579, gast, harṭâni, encyclopédie, berbère, hadrumetum, hidjaba, appiah, gates, oxford, 549, quote, haratine, northwestern, blacks, whom, 533770, keita, paoli, 1972, dynastic, mummies, abo, frequencies, 162330365, 0361, 5413, comments, egyptian, biological, xslx, indicators, subregion, annually, 2100, baraka, petroleum, overview, thestar, promises, 4843, 3657, selected, paper, communes, langley, virginia, provisional, worldatlas, dinerstein, eric, 545, 28608869, 5451287, pmc, 0006, 3568, 1093, biosci, bix014, 534, bioscience, approach, protecting, hughes, iucn, 401, 88032, 949, directory, njoki, wane, authorhouse, 4389, 7489, glance, schlüter, springer, 166, 540, 76373, stratigraphy, tectonics, geology, geohazards, geosites, geoscientific, each, jazeera, elects, laura, dubois, brussels, pay, stopping, bound, amid, gian, volpicelli, eddy, wax, politico, happened, qatargate, forgotten, quito, anne, quartz, gather, adams, richard, london, turmoil, voice, america, affirms, break, vinsinfo, generals, mcelroy, damien, telegraph, stages, way, troops, afp, tehran, resign, condemns, etat, meetings, coverage, releases, back, vows, ousts, leaning, pump, wave, presented, extremists, courts, approval, formerly, 1994, sponsored, africans, mahamadou, harmattan, paris, horreur, camps, enfer, inal, duteil, mireille, chronique, mauritanienne, vol, xxviii, cnrs, annuaire, diallo, garba, bankie, info, apartheid, inventory, ice, 1987, simon, schuster, 159, 671, 60117, 158, veil, secret, wars, getler, michael, washington, target, akinyemi, aaron, kupemba, danai, nesta, jihadist, growing, defenders, denounce, unspeakable, truth, meredith, martin, 1610390712, fate, fifty, zoubir, yahia, 1995, 628, 0026, 3141, 614, journal, failure, resolving, icj, cij, cour, haunted, imbalance, mps, pass, 369, lanham, 8108, 6265, infoplease, keenan, jeremy, 4324, congress, velton
Text of the page (random words):
nal 114 115 in 2014 the united states department of state identified torture by mauritanian law enforcement as one of the central human rights problems in the country 116 juan e méndez an independent expert on human rights from the united nations reported in 2016 that legal protections against torture were present but not applied in mauritania pointing to an almost total absence of investigations into allegations of torture 117 118 according to the u s state department 2010 human rights report 119 abuses in mauritania include mistreatment of detainees and prisoners security force impunity lengthy pretrial detention harsh prison conditions arbitrary arrest and detentions limits on freedom of the press and assembly corruption discrimination against women female genital mutilation fgm child marriage political marginalization of southern based ethnic groups racial and ethnic discrimination slavery and slavery related practices and child labor initiatives such as the united nations development programme undp aim to address these human rights violations in line with the sustainable development goals through the improvements to the blue economy and green energy transition the undp strives to create employment opportunities particularly for youth and women who are underrepresented in the mauritanian job market 120 modern slavery edit main article slavery in mauritania slavery persists in mauritania despite it being outlawed 40 it is a holdover from a historical caste system resulting in descent based slavery 40 121 it is estimated that those enslaved are generally darker skinned haratin with their owners often being lighter skinned moors 121 however slavery also exists among the sub saharan part of the population with some sub saharan mauritanians owning slaves of the same skin color as them and some estimates even stating that slavery is currently more widespread in the south of the country 122 in 1905 the french colonial administration declared an end of slavery in mauritania to very little effect 123 mauritania ratified in 1961 the forced labour convention having already enshrined abolition of slavery albeit implicitly in its 1959 constitution 122 although nominally abolished in 1981 by presidential decree a criminal law against the ownership of slaves was enacted only in 2007 the u s state department 2010 human rights report states government efforts were not sufficient to enforce the antislavery law no cases have been successfully prosecuted under the antislavery law despite the fact that de facto slavery exists in mauritania 119 in 2012 it was estimated by a cnn documentary that 10 to 20 of the population of mauritania between 340 000 and 680 000 people live in slavery 124 that estimation is however considered by several academics to be grossly overstated 122 modern day slavery still exists in different forms in mauritania 125 according to some estimates thousands of mauritanians are still enslaved 126 127 128 a 2012 cnn report slavery s last stronghold documents the ongoing slave owning cultures 129 this social discrimination is applied chiefly against the black moors haratin in the northern part of the country where tribal elites among white moors bidh an hassaniya speaking arabs and arabized berbers hold sway 130 slavery practices exist also within the sub saharan african ethnic groups of the south in 2012 a government minister stated that slavery no longer exists in mauritania 131 however according to the walk free foundation s global slavery index there were an estimated 90 000 enslaved people in mauritania in 2018 or around 2 of the population 132 obstacles to ending slavery in mauritania include the difficulty of enforcing any laws in the country s vast desert 124 poverty that limits opportunities for slaves to support themselves if freed 124 belief that slavery is part of the natural order of society 124 culture edit see also mauritanian cuisine mass media in mauritania and music of mauritania mauritania s culture reflects a blend of arab berber african and islamic influences shaped by centuries of trans saharan exchange daily life and social customs vary across ethnic groups islam forms a unifying cultural foundation qur an collection in a library in chinguetti traditional arts and handicrafts edit mauritanian craftsmanship is renowned for its metalwork leatherwork and textiles tuareg and mauritanian silversmiths maintain long standing traditions of berber jewelry design producing ornate pieces worn by both men and women leatherwork including bags saddles cushions and tent decorations remains an important nomadic craft traditionally produced by women loom woven fabrics especially the melfa a long cloth worn by women are also culturally significant tuareg and mauritanian silversmiths have developed traditions of traditional berber jewelry and metalwork that have been worn by mauritanian women and men according to studies of tuareg and mauritanian jewelry the latter are usually more embellished and may carry typical pyramidal elements 133 music edit music in mauritania is structured around modal systems known as al igga performed by hereditary musicians called iggāwen the tidinit a lute ardin a harp like instrument played by women and various percussion instruments form the core of mauritanian musical ensembles contemporary musicians blend these traditions with modern styles artists such as dimi mint abba played a major role in introducing mauritanian music to international audiences cinema and media edit filming for several documentaries films and television shows have taken place in mauritania including fort saganne 1984 the fifth element 1997 winged migration 2001 timbuktu 2014 and the grand tour 2024 the tv show atlas of cursed places 2020 that aired on the discovery channel and national geographic channel had an episode that mentions mauritania as a possible location for the lost city of atlantis the location they consider is a geological formation consisting of a series of rings known as the richat structure which is located in western sahara literature edit mauritania has one of the richest oral traditions in the sahara poetry in classical arabic and in hassaniya arabic has historically enjoyed high prestige with poets holding respected social roles the t heydinn a cycle of epic poems preserved within moorish oral heritage forms a central component of traditional storytelling and musical performance 134 many non arab communities also maintain their own oral literatures including the epic narratives of the soninké and the praise song traditions of halpulaar griots géwél however there s also a tradition of written literature especially in the form islamic manuscripts for example ulrich rebstock s three volume study of arabic literature by mauritanian authors maurische literaturgeschichte 2001 documents approximately 10 000 works by around 5 000 authors from the sixth to the eighteenth centuries 135 the libraries of chinguetti contain thousands of medieval manuscripts 136 137 138 sports edit main article sport in mauritania sports in mauritania are influenced by its desert terrain and its location on the atlantic coast football is the most popular sport in the country followed by athletics and basketball the country has several football stadiums such as the stade municipal de nouadhibou in nouadhibou 139 despite being ranked as the fourth worst team in the world in 2012 mauritania qualified for the 2019 africa cup of nations 140 in 2023 mauritania made headlines by defeating sudan in the afcon 2023 qualifiers 141 mauritania has been the recipient of international support for sports infrastructure morocco has committed to building a sports complex in the country 142 cuisine edit mauritanian cuisine blends north african sahelian and nomadic culinary traditions staple dishes include thieboudienne méchoui couscous and yassa green tea with mint also known as atay is prepared and served in three rounds and symbolizes hospitality see also edit mauritania portal countries portal africa portal outline of mauritania the mauritanian 2021 legal drama film telephone numbers in mauritania references edit citations edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 the world factbook africa mauritania cia archived from the original on 7 january 2021 retrieved 24 december 2020 constitutional charter archived from the original on 3 july 2025 retrieved 16 june 2026 1 répartition spatiale de la population pdf recensement général de la population et de l habitat rgph 2013 report in french national statistical office of mauritania july 2015 p v retrieved 20 december 2015 permanent dead link mauritania population march 2026 archived from the original on 5 february 2020 retrieved 16 march 2026 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 27 june 2025 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 27 june 2025 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 27 june 2025 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 27 june 2025 gini index coefficient cia world factbook archived from the original on 17 july 2021 retrieved 16 july 2021 human development report 2025 pdf united nations development programme 6 may 2025 archived pdf from the original on 6 may 2025 retrieved 6 may 2025 wells john c 2008 longman pronunciation dictionary 3rd ed longman isbn 9781405881180 diagana kissima 23 june 2019 ruling party candidate declared winner of mauritania election reuters archived from the original on 27 june 2022 retrieved 6 march 2021 1 2 first peaceful transfer of power in mauritania s presidential polls rfi 22 june 2019 archived from the original on 9 april 2022 retrieved 27 july 2021 global slavery index country data mauritania pdf global slavery index archived pdf from the original on 25 march 2024 retrieved 22 september 2026 activists warn over slavery as mauritania joins u n human rights council reuters com 27 february 2020 archived from the original on 10 june 2020 retrieved 26 june 2020 mauritania united states department of state archived from the original on 14 january 2024 retrieved 18 december 2023 islamic republic of mauritania african commission on human and peoples rights retrieved 9 september 2026 shillington 2005 p 948 toyin falola daniel jean jacques 2015 africa 3 volumes an encyclopedia of culture and society 3 volumes bloomsbury publishing usa p 1037 isbn 979 82 1604273 0 goerg odile coquery vidrovitch catherine 1 july 2010 l afrique occidentale au temps des français colonisateurs et colonisés c 1860 1960 in french la découverte isbn 978 2 7071 5555 9 archived from the original on 8 february 2024 retrieved 28 january 2024 lugan bernard 2 june 2016 histoire de l afrique du nord des origines à nos jours in french editions du rocher isbn 978 2 268 08535 7 archived from the original on 8 february 2024 retrieved 12 january 2024 stokes james ed 2009 encyclopedia of the peoples of africa and the middle east infobase publishing p 450 isbn 9781438126760 archived from the original on 1 july 2023 retrieved 13 october 2019 suarez david 2016 the western sahara and the search for the roots of sahrawi national identity thesis florida international university doi 10 25148 etd fidc001212 chaabani h sanchez mazas a sallami sf 2000 genetic differentiation of yemeni people according to rhesus and gm polymorphisms annales de génétique 43 3 4 155 62 doi 10 1016 s0003 3995 00 01023 6 pmid 11164198 1 2 sabatier diane himpan himpan brigitte 28 june 2019 nomads of mauritania diane himpan sabatier brigitte himpan google books vernon press isbn 9781622735822 archived from the original on 29 march 2023 retrieved 30 september 2022 messier ronald a 2010 the almoravids and the meanings of jihad praeger pp xii xvi isbn 978 0 313 38590 2 archived from the original on 29 august 2023 retrieved 29 august 2023 norris h t chalmeta p 1993 al murābiṭūn in bosworth c e van donzel e heinrichs w p pellat ch eds the encyclopaedia of islam second edition volume vii mif naz leiden e j brill pp 583 591 isbn 978 90 04 09419 2 masonen pekka fisher humphrey j 1996 not quite venus from the waves the almoravid conquest of ghana in the modern historiography of western africa pdf history in africa 23 197 232 doi 10 2307 3171941 jstor 3171941 s2cid 162477947 archived from the original pdf on 7 september 2011 retrieved 16 october 2021 insoll t 2003 the archaeology of islam in sub saharan africa cambridge cambridge university press p 230 velton ross 2009 mali the bradt safari guide bradt travel guides p 15 isbn 978 1 84162 218 7 archived from the original on 22 may 2020 retrieved 7 june 2020 mauritania history country studies library of congress archived from the original on 3 november 2016 keenan jeremy ed 18 october 2013 the sahara doi 10 4324 9781315869544 isbn 9781315869544 mauritania history infoplease com archived from the original on 2 february 2017 retrieved 16 january 2017 pazzanita anthony g 2008 historical dictionary of mauritania lanham md scarecrow press isbn 978 0 8108 6265 4 archived from the original on 22 may 2020 retrieved 7 june 2020 page 369 mauritanian mps pass slavery law archived 9 july 2018 at the wayback machine bbc news 9 august 2007 mauritania fair elections haunted by racial imbalance archived 25 march 2009 at the wayback machine irin news 5 march 2007 cour internationale de justice international court of justice icj cij org archived from the original on 18 february 2017 retrieved 17 february 2017 zoubir yahia h pazzanita anthony g 1995 the united nations failure in resolving the western sahara conflict middle east journal 49 4 614 628 issn 0026 3141 archived from the original on 2 march 2026 retrieved 26 april 2026 meredith martin 2005 the fate of africa a history of fifty years of independence new york public affairs publishing p 69 isbn 978 1610390712 1 2 3 the unspeakable truth about slavery in mauritania the guardian 8 june 2018 archived from the original on 25 august 2018 mauritania growing repression of human rights defenders who denounce discrimination and slavery amnesty international 21 march 2018 archived from the original on 23 february 2026 akinyemi aaron kupemba danai nesta 29 june 2024 mauritania election jihadist migration slavery the key issues bbc archived from the original on 28 july 2024 getler michael 15 august 1981 target was mauritius not mauritania the washington post archived from the original on 27 august 2017 retrieved 7 march 2025 woodward bob 1987 veil the secret wars of the cia new york ny simon schuster pp 158 159 isbn 0 671 60117 2 inventory of conflict and environment ice template american university archived from the original on 17 february 2012 retrieved 20 march 2012 diallo garba 1993 mauritania a new apartheid pdf bankie info archived from the original on 6 december 2011 duteil mireille 1989 chronique mauritanienne annuaire de l afrique du nord ...
|
