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humans edit structure edit in humans and other hominids the thorax is the chest region of the body between the neck and the abdomen along with its internal organs and other contents it is mostly protected and supported by the rib cage spine and shoulder girdle contents edit main article thoracic cavity an x ray of a human chest area with some structures labeled the contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs and the thymus gland the major and minor pectoral muscles trapezius muscles and neck muscle and internal structures such as the diaphragm the esophagus the trachea and a part of the sternum known as the xiphoid process arteries and veins are also contained aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava and the pulmonary artery bones the shoulder socket containing the upper part of the humerus the scapula sternum thoracic portion of the spine collarbone and the rib cage and floating ribs external structures are the skin and nipples chest edit in the human body the region of the thorax between the neck and diaphragm in the front of the body is called the chest the corresponding area in an animal can also be referred to as the chest the shape of the chest does not correspond to that part of the thoracic skeleton that encloses the heart and lungs all the breadth of the shoulders is due to the shoulder girdle and contains the axillae and the heads of the humeri in the middle line the suprasternal notch is seen above while about three fingers breadth below it a transverse ridge can be felt which is known as the sternal angle and this marks the junction between the manubrium and body of the sternum level with this line the second ribs join the sternum and when these are found the lower ribs can often be counted at the lower part of the sternum where the seventh or last true ribs join it the ensiform cartilage begins and above this there is often a depression known as the pit of the stomach bones edit the bones of the thorax called the thoracic skeleton is a component of the axial skeleton it consists of the ribs and sternum the ribs of the thorax are numbered in ascending order from 1 12 11 and 12 are known as floating ribs because they have no anterior attachment point in particular the cartilage attached to the sternum as 1 through 7 are and therefore are termed floating 6 whereas ribs 8 through 10 are termed false ribs as their costal cartilage articulates with the costal cartilage of the rib above the thorax bones also have the main function of protecting the heart lungs and major blood vessels in the thorax area such as the aorta landmarks edit the anatomy of the chest can also be described through the use of anatomical landmarks the nipple in the male is situated in front of the fourth rib or a little below vertically it lies a little external to a line drawn down from the middle of the clavicle in the female it is not so constant a little below it the lower limit of the great pectoral muscle is seen running upward and outward to the axilla in the female this is obscured by the breast which extends from the second to the sixth rib vertically and from the edge of the sternum to the mid axillary line laterally the female nipple is surrounded for half an inch by a more or less pigmented disc the areola the apex of a normal heart is in the fifth left intercostal space three and a half inches from the mid line clinical significance edit high resolution computed tomographs of a normal thorax taken in the axial coronal and sagittal planes respectively click here to scroll through the image stacks this type of investigation can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma different types of diseases or conditions that affect the chest include pleurisy flail chest atelectasis and the most common condition chest pain these conditions can be hereditary or caused by birth defects or trauma any condition that lowers the ability to either breathe deeply or to cough is considered a chest disease or condition injury edit injury to the chest also referred to as chest trauma thoracic injury or thoracic trauma results in up to 1 4 of all deaths due to trauma in the united states 7 the major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air blood or both in combination sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents as in esophageal perforations also must be considered blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries e g rib fractures the pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult and this may compromise ventilation direct lung injuries such as pulmonary contusions see the image below are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may impair ventilation by a similar mechanism pain edit chest pain can be the result of multiple issues including respiratory problems digestive issues and musculoskeletal complications the pain can trigger cardiac issues as well not all pain that is felt is associated with the heart but it should not be taken lightly either symptoms can be different depending on the cause of the pain 8 while cardiac issues cause feelings of sudden pressure in the chest or a crushing pain in the back neck and arms pain that is felt due to noncardiac issues gives a burning feeling along the digestive tract or pain when deep breaths are attempted different people feel pains differently for the same condition only a patient truly knows if the symptoms are mild or serious chest pain may be a symptom of myocardial infarctions heart attack if this condition is present in the body discomfort will be felt in the chest that is similar to a heavy weight placed on the body sweating shortness of breath lightheadedness and irregular heartbeat may also be experienced if a heart attack occurs the bulk of the damage is caused during the first six hours so getting the proper treatment as quickly as possible is important some people especially those who are elderly or have diabetes may not have typical chest pain but may have many of the other symptoms of a heart attack it is important that these patients and their caregivers have a good understanding of heart attack symptoms non cardiac causes edit as with a heart attack not all chest pain is caused by conditions involving the heart chest wall pain can be experienced after an increase in activity persons who add exercise to their daily routine generally feel this type of pain at the beginning citation needed it is important to monitor the pain to ensure that it is not a sign of something more serious pain can also be experienced in persons who have an upper respiratory infection which is accompanied by a fever and cough shingles is another viral infection that can give symptoms of chest or rib pain before a rash develops injuries to the rib cage or sternum is also a common cause of chest pain it is generally felt when deep breaths are taken or during a cough atelectasis edit another non cardiac cause of chest pain is atelectasis it is a condition that occurs when a portion of the lung collapses from being airless when bronchial tubes are blocked this condition develops and causes patients to feel shortness of breath the most common cause of atelectasis is when a bronchi that extends from the windpipe is blocked and traps air the blockage may be caused by something inside the bronchus such as a plug of mucus a tumour or an inhaled foreign object such as a coin piece of food or a toy 9 it is possible for something outside of the bronchus to cause the blockage pneumothorax edit pneumothorax is the condition where air or gas can build up in the pleural space it can occur without a known cause or as the result of a lung disease or acute lung injury 10 the size of the pneumothorax changes as air or gas builds up so a medical procedure can release the pressure with a needle if it is untreated blood flow can be interrupted and cause a drop in blood pressure known as tension pneumothorax it is possible for smaller cases to clear up on their own symptoms of this condition are often felt only on one side of the lung or as a shortness of breath images edit volume rendering of a high resolution computed tomography of the thorax the anterior thoracic wall the airways and the pulmonary vessels anterior to the root of the lung have been digitally removed in order to visualize the different levels of the pulmonary circulation thorax anterior view thorax anterior view clearly visible thorax of an artistic gymnast tetrapods edit in mammals the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs it extends from the neck to the diaphragm and does not include the upper limbs the heart and the lungs reside in the thoracic cavity as well as many blood vessels the inner organs are protected by the rib cage and the sternum thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds but not in reptiles arthropods edit main article thorax insect anatomy the trilobite body is divided into three major sections a cephalon with eyes mouthparts and sensory organs such as antennae a thorax of multiple similar segments that in some species allowed them to roll up into a ball and a pygidium or tail section in the worker ant the abdomen consists of the propodeum fused to the thorax and the metasoma itself divided into the narrow petiole and bulbous gaster in insects crustaceans and the extinct trilobites the thorax is the middle one of the three main divisions of the creature s body each of which is in turn composed of multiple segments it is the area where the wings and legs attach in insects or an area of multiple articulating plates in trilobites in most insects the thorax itself is composed of three segments the prothorax the mesothorax and the metathorax in extant insects the prothorax never has wings though legs are always present in adults wings when present are restricted to at least the mesothorax and typically also the metathorax though the wings may be reduced or modified on either or both segments in the apocritan hymenoptera the first abdominal segment is fused to the metathorax where it forms a structure known as the propodeum accordingly in these insects the functional thorax is composed of four segments and is therefore typically called the mesosoma to distinguish it from the thorax of other insects each thoracic segment in an insect is further subdivided into various parts the most significant of which are the dorsal portion the notum the lateral portion the pleuron one on each side and the ventral portion the sternum in some insects each of these parts is composed of one to several independent exoskeletal plates with membrane between them called sclerites though in many cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees see also edit this article uses anatomical terminology pectus carinatum pectus excavatum thoracic cavity cardiothoracic surgery references edit definition thorax oxford learner s dictionaries thorax at dorland s medical dictionary thorax at the u s national library of medicine medical subject headings mesh θώραξ henry george liddell robert scott a greek english lexicon on perseus digital library thorax n oxford english dictionary oxford university press safarini omar a bordoni bruno 2024 anatomy thorax ribs statpearls treasure island fl statpearls publishing pmid 30855912 retrieved 2024 08 21 shahani rohit md 2005 penetrating chest trauma emedicine retrieved 2005 02 05 chest diseases retrieved on 2010 1 26 atelectasis lung and airway disorders retrieved on 2010 1 26 pleurisy lung diseases retrieved on 2010 1 26 external links edit look up thorax in wiktionary the free dictionary wikimedia commons has media related to human thorax sam gon iii a guide to the orders of trilobites retrieved august 23 2005 v t e human regional anatomy body skin head hair face forehead cheek chin eyebrow eye eyelid nose mouth lip tongue tooth ear jaw mandible occiput scalp temple neck adam s apple throat nape torso trunk abdomen waist midriff navel vertebral column back thorax breast nipple pelvis genitalia penis scrotum vulva buttocks anus limbs arm shoulder axilla elbow forearm wrist hand finger fingernail thumb index middle ring little leg hip thigh knee calf foot ankle heel toe toenail sole v t e muscles of the thorax and back back splenius capitis cervicis erector spinae iliocostalis longissimus spinalis transversospinales semispinalis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii vertebral column trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae fascia thoracolumbar fascia thorax intercostal muscles external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm thoracic cavity pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis fascia pectoral fascia clavipectoral fascia v t e arteries of the torso and chest lungs pulmonary artery right left ligamentum arteriosum heart coronary circulation right coronary sa nodal av nodal atrial right marginal posterior descending left coronary left anterior descending left circumflex left marginal aorta sections ascending aorta aortic arch descending aorta thoracic aorta abdominal aorta aortic body aortic arch brachiocephalic thyreoidea ima right subclavian right common carotid left common carotid external carotid internal carotid carotid body carotid sinus carotid bifurcation left subclavian internal thoracic anterior intercostal thymic pericardiacophrenic perforating branches terminal musculophrenic superior epigastric costocervical trunk highest intercostal posterior intercostal 1 2 deep cervical descending aorta visceral bronchial esophageal mediastinal parietal posterior intercostal 3 11 subcostal superior phrenic v t e muscles of the thorax and back back splenius capitis cervicis erector spinae iliocostalis longissimus spinalis transversospinales semispinalis multifidus rotatores interspinales intertransversarii vertebral column trapezius latissimus dorsi rhomboid major minor levator scapulae fascia thoracolumbar fascia thorax intercostal muscles external internal innermost subcostalis transversus thoracis levatores costarum serratus posterior inferior superior thoracic diaphragm thoracic cavity pectoralis major pectoralis minor subclavius serratus anterior sternalis fascia pectoral fascia clavipectoral fascia v t e anatomy of the lymphatic system head and neck head back occipital mastoid retroauricular parotid superficial deep preauricular infra auricular intraglandular front facial buccinator nasolabial mandibular submandibular submental cervical superficial anterior lateral deep deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo omohyoid other anterior cervical lateral cervical supraclavicular vessels jugular trunk arm and axilla nodes axillary brachial pectoral subscapular central ap...
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