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ople edit the ntrubo are represented in togo by two small villages diguinge and abosomkope located in the southern part of the adele plateau most ntrubo communities however live in ghana just west of this area 107 in togo the ntrubo coexist closely with the adele speaking both delo their own language and the adele language delo belongs to the tem language group which includes tem kotokoli kabiye bago and lamba this connection is linguistically puzzling because the ntrubo are geographically isolated from other tem speakers suggesting that the region once formed a more continuous mountain settlement zone before later ethnic reshaping 107 local genealogies trace the diguinge community to an ancestor named boisa whose descendants spread across multiple villages abosomkope by contrast traces its origins to gounou a neighbour of boisa with settlement movements linked to the early rubber trade promoted by the germans 107 historical evidence suggests that the ntrubo once formed part of an extensive mountain settlement area stretching from the lamba in the north to the adele in the south over time migrations and the arrival of other groups such as the adele and anyanga have made the ntribou a linguistic and cultural frontier at the southern edge of the tem speaking region 107 the akposso people edit the akposso trace their origins to two main traditions a belief in local autochthony especially strong in the logbo area and a more widespread migration narrative from notsé likely symbolic but possibly linked to the arrival of ewe groups 108 according to oral accounts the ancestor ida founded agbogboli a fortified hilltop site between the logbo and haito mountains from there the akposso moved westward to akposso koubi in present day ghana where they reportedly resisted expansionist neighbours like the akwamu in the 17th century subsequent migrations spread eastward into today s akposso plateau through multiple waves and lineages 108 the akposso society consists of several major groups including the litime ouwui ikponou logbo and ouma each with its own villages linguistically the akposso speak akposso classified by early scholars in the avatime bouem group contacts with neighbouring peoples have shaped distinct dialects ikposso logbo and ikpana with additional ewe and ashanti influences 108 politically traditional akposso communities were decentralised governed by village elders whose authority was primarily ritual there was no overarching chiefdom until the colonial era introduced the role of awli supreme chief despite this they maintained a strong cultural cohesion through shared religious practices notably the cult of the deity kolissa guardian of agricultural rites like the fonio harvest festival known today as ovazau 108 the bogo ahlon people edit the bogo also called ahlon are a small group of about 6 000 people living in the valleys of danyi togo and parts of ghana they descend from a mix of an ancient clan the issassoumè and later migrant groups possibly from ilé ifè or notsé 109 their society is structured around three main clans boloè bougli bonoè plus the issassoumè who are recognised as the original landowners political power is shared the boloè hold the chieftaincy the bonoè manage regalia and the bougli provide warriors the issassoumè alone grant the sacred clay used in chief installation rituals 109 religious life centres on the danyi river and the odo sanctuary at inénébia despite ewe influence the bogo remain culturally distinct and keep their igo language alive 109 religion edit main article religion in togo religion in togo 2022 census 3 christianity 49 2 islam 18 6 traditional faiths 17 0 no religion 9 40 other not stated 5 80 church in kpalime according to a 2012 us government religious freedoms report in 2004 the university of lomé estimated that 33 of the population were traditional animists 28 were roman catholic 20 sunni muslim 9 protestant and another 5 belonged to other christian denominations the remaining 5 were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group the report noted that many christians and muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices 110 in 2020 the world factbook estimated that 42 3 of the population was christian and 14 muslim with 36 9 being followers of indigenous beliefs less than one percent being hindus jews and followers of other religions and 6 2 being unaffiliated 88 the 2022 census found 49 2 of togolese identified as christian 18 6 as muslim 17 0 as traditionalist 9 4 with no religion 2 9 with other religions and another 2 9 did not state their religious affiliation 3 christianity began to spread from the middle of the 15th century after the arrival of portuguese catholic missionaries germans introduced protestantism in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the bremen missionary society were sent to the coastal areas of togo and ghana togo s protestants were known as brema a corruption of the word bremen after world war i german missionaries had to leave which gave birth to the early autonomy of the ewe evangelical church 111 landose de agnanram mosque kara in 2022 freedom house rated togo s religious freedom as 3 out of 4 112 noting that religious freedom is constitutionally protected and generally respected in practice islam catholicism and protestantism are recognized by the state other groups must register as religious associations to receive similar benefits the registration process has been subject to long delays with almost 900 applications pending at the beginning of 2021 languages edit main article languages of togo according to ethnologue 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country some of them by communities that number fewer than 100 000 members 113 of the 39 languages the sole official language is french 114 two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975 ewé ewe èʋegbe french evé and kabiyé 114 though not native to most groups french is used in formal education legislature all forms of media administration and commerce ewe is a language of wider communication in the south tem functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns 115 officially ewe and kabiye are national languages which in the togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media others are gen aja moba ntcham and ife in joining the commonwealth the togolese government has anticipated opportunities for togolese citizens to learn english 48 health edit the human rights measurement initiative 116 finds that togo is fulfilling 73 1 of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income 117 when looking at the right to health with respect to children togo achieves 93 8 of what is expected based on its current income 117 in regards to the right to health amongst the adult population the country achieves 88 2 of what is expected based on the nation s level of income 117 it falls into the very bad category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37 3 of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources income it has available 117 health expenditure in togo was 5 2 of gdp in 2014 which ranks the country in 45th place in the world 88 the infant mortality rate is approximately 43 7 deaths per 1 000 children in 2016 88 male life expectancy at birth was at 62 3 in 2016 whereas it was at 67 7 years for females 88 there were 5 physicians per 100 000 people in 2008 88 according to a 2013 unicef report 118 4 of women in togo have undergone female genital mutilation as of 2015 update the maternal mortality rate per 100 000 births for togo is 368 compared with 350 in 2010 and 539 7 in 1990 88 the under 5 mortality rate per 1 000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5 s mortality is 32 in togo the number of midwives per 1 000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67 119 in 2016 togo had 4100 2400 6100 new hiv infections and 5100 3100 7700 aids related deaths there were 100 000 73 000 130 000 people living with hiv in 2016 among whom 51 37 67 were accessing antiretroviral therapy among pregnant women living with hiv 86 59 95 were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of hiv to their children an estimated 1000 500 1400 children were newly infected with hiv due to mother to child transmission among people living with hiv approximately 42 30 55 had suppressed viral loads 120 afd is working to enhance living conditions in lomé the coastal city with a population of 1 4 million by modernising solid waste management services the project involves enhancing garbage collection through the construction of a new landfill that meets international standards 121 122 in 2024 a universal health insurance programme was launched covering 800 000 people within six months and implemented through the national social security fund and the national health insurance institute 123 education edit education in togo is compulsory for six years 124 in 1996 the gross primary enrolment rate was 119 6 and the net primary enrolment rate was 81 3 124 in 2011 the net enrolment rate was 94 the education system has suffered from teacher shortages lower educational quality in rural areas and high repetition and dropout rates 124 culture edit main articles culture of togo and music of togo this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message taberma houses togo s cultural life reflects traditions of its major groups ewe mina in the south and kabye tem in the north notably the regional use of ewe and kabiye as widely spoken languages 125 ewe mina religious practices centred on the creator god mawu and associated vodun 126 and among the kabye the evala wrestling initiation rite 127 while the guin community linked historically to the mina on the southeast coast marks the new year with the epé ekpé taking of the stone ceremony at glidji 128 among ewe communities twin statuettes known as venavi and hohovi among the fon venerate and memorialise twins the yoruba counterpart is the ère ìbejì ibeji 129 130 131 in the kloto kpalimé carving tradition artisans are noted for marriage chains linking two figures with rings carved from a single block of wood 132 picture weaving traditions are also prominent in togo e g the bafilo weaving centre with ceremonial garments produced by local artisans 133 beyond weaving wax print cloth pagne is central to dress and social life in togo togolese women traders known as nana benz shaped the design and circulation of these textiles which function as valued attire for ceremonies and markers of taste and status in colonial and postcolonial contexts 134 basketball is togo s second most practiced sport 135 togo featured a national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018 2020 cavb beach volleyball continental cup in the men s section 136 mass media in togo includes radio television and online and print formats the agence togolaise de presse fr news agency began in 1975 137 the union des journalistes independants du togo press association is headquartered in lomé 137 togolese television is the state owned service see also edit africa portal list of togolese people outline of togo horses in togo dahomey gap notes edit ˈ t oʊ ɡ oʊ ⓘ toh goh french toɡo french république togolaise references edit constitution of togo 2002 archived from the original on 14 february 2012 retrieved 20 november 2011 1 2 3 4 togo cia world factbook central intelligence agency archived from the original on 12 october 2023 retrieved 26 october 2017 1 2 3 4 population by religion sex and urban rural residence togo undata 26 february 2026 retrieved 28 july 2026 1 2 3 togo country profile bbc news 24 february 2020 archived from the original on 14 october 2012 retrieved 27 january 2021 accueil voyage togo archived from the original on 8 november 2023 retrieved 2 march 2024 togo the world factbook 2024 ed central intelligence agency retrieved 31 october 2024 togo les résultats définitifs du 5e rgph icilome 4 april 2023 archived from the original on 1 september 2023 retrieved 1 september 2023 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 9 october 2025 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 9 october 2025 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 9 october 2025 world economic outlook database april 2025 archived from the original on 28 april 2025 retrieved 9 october 2025 gini index world bank archived from the original on 27 july 2018 retrieved 16 july 2021 human development report 2023 2024 united nations development programme 6 may 2025 archived from the original on 12 august 2022 retrieved 6 may 2025 1 2 3 republic of togo islamic development bank 18 november 1998 archived from the original on 3 february 2020 retrieved 26 january 2021 1 2 world population prospects 2022 united nations department of economic and social affairs population division retrieved 17 july 2022 1 2 world population prospects 2022 demographic indicators by region subregion and country annually for 1950 2100 xslx total population as of 1 july thousands united nations department of economic and social affairs population division retrieved 17 july 2022 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 togo partner international cultural youth exchange international cultural youth exchange archived from the original on 8 june 2017 retrieved 27 january 2021 obituary gnassingbe eyadema archived 30 june 2018 at the wayback machine 5 february 2005 bbc news retrieved 22 may 2007 society benjamin elisha sawe in 25 april 2017 what languages are spoken in togo worldatlas retrieved 20 august 2026 essizewa komlan 1 august 2009 the vitality of kabiye in togo africa spectrum 44 53 76 doi 10 1177 000203970904400203 togo the world factbook central intelligence agency 11 january 2023 archived from the original on 12 october 2023 retrieved 13 january 2023 peoples of africa togo zimbabwe marshall cavendish 2001 p 531 isbn 978 0 7614 7168 4 1 2 dawnay guy payan 1926 the army quarterly william clowes sons ltd p 315 in the ewe language the name togo means behind the sea and it was extended to the whole country by the germans as dr nachtigal s first treaty in 1884 was made with the chief of togo san diego archaeological center 11 december 2021 ironworking in togo west africa archaeological research in the bassar region 2013 2020 archived from the original on 15 july 2025 retrieved 26 march 2025 via youtube admin 19 april 2020 how togo came to have its name african lisbon tour archived from the original on 15 july 2025 retrieved 26 march 2025 benjamin thomas 16 february 2009 the atlantic world ...
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