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usb (754), the (617), and (354), from (163), for (145), device (132), retrieved (125), #devices (115), with (112), original (111), archived (106), power (100), specification (83), pdf (80), may (76), host (75), data (71), that (68), type (65), bus (65), usb4 (62), are (62), gbit (62), gen (61), edit (56), interface (55), can (53), standard (52), speed (49), serial (44), 2018 (43), implementers (42), forum (42), superspeed (42), audio (41), september (40), computer (39), 2021 (39), this (38), connectors (38), not (38), was (36), class (36), cable (36), high (36), all (35), use (34), thunderbolt (34), protocol (34), april (34), june (33), used (32), 2023 (31), universal (31), which (31), transfer (31), 2022 (30), july (30), other (30), connector (30), two (30), november (29), cables (29), 2014 (29), one (29), low (29), full (29), august (28), mode (28), firewire (27), october (26), march (26), also (26), peripheral (25), ports (25), 2017 (25), has (25), support (25), such (25), over 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mode tunneled pci express 3 0 no yes no the pci express function of usb4 replicates the functionality of previous versions of the thunderbolt specification host to host communications yes yes n a a lan like connection between two peers thunderbolt 3 alternate mode no yes no thunderbolt 3 uses cables with usb c plugs the usb4 specification allows hosts and devices and requires hubs to support interoperability with the standard using the thunderbolt 3 alternate mode namely displayport and pcie other alternate modes no no no usb4 products may optionally offer interoperability with the hdmi mhl and virtuallink alternate modes september 2022 marketing naming scheme edit an overview of usb marketing naming scheme that was put in place in september 2022 a mix of usb specifications and their marketing names are being displayed because specifications are sometimes wrongly used as marketing names disputed for usb4 20 gbit s does not exist usb4 2 2 is not interchangeable with usb 3 2 2 2 as indicated by the logo logos for usb 3 x and usb4 are different discuss because of the previous confusing naming schemes usb if decided to change it once again as of 2 september 2022 marketing names follow the syntax usb x gbps where x is the signalling rate in gbit s 59 overview of the updated names and logos can be seen in the adjacent table the operation modes usb 3 2 gen 2 2 and usb4 gen 2 2 or usb 3 2 gen 2 1 and usb4 gen 2 1 are not interchangeable or compatible all participating controllers must operate with the same mode version histories edit specification history edit usb specification list spec name issue date maximum signaling rates mode names note usb 0 7 11 november 1994 pre release usb 0 8 30 december 1994 usb 0 9 13 april 1995 12 mbit s full speed fs usb 0 99 25 august 1995 usb 1 0 fdr 13 november 1995 release candidate usb 1 0 15 january 1996 1 5 mbit s low speed ls 12 mbit s full speed fs first official specification usb 1 1 23 september 1998 updated all chapters to fix problems identified usb 2 0 27 april 2000 480 mbit s high speed hs fully replaced and backward compatible with usb 1 0 1 1 usb 3 0 12 november 2008 5 gbit s usb 3 0 fully incorporated usb 2 0 and also marketed as superspeed ss usb 3 1 26 july 2013 10 gbit s usb 3 1 gen 2 fully replaced usb 3 0 and also marketed as superspeed ss usb 3 2 revision 1 0 22 september 2017 10 gbit s usb 3 2 gen 1 2 20 gbit s usb 3 2 gen 2 2 fully replaced usb 3 1 and requires full featured usb c fabrics for two lane operation usb 3 2 revision 1 1 june 2022 incorporated errata and ecns usb4 august 2019 20 gbit s usb4 gen 3 1 40 gbit s usb4 gen 3 2 first version usb4 functionally replaces usb 3 2 while retaining the usb 2 0 bus operating in parallel usb4 version 2 0 october 2022 80 gbit s gen 4 symmetric 120 40 gbit s gen 4 asymmetric version 2 0 power related standards history edit usb power related standards list release name release date max power usb 1 0 1 1 specification chapter 7 2 power distribution and chapter 7 3 physical layer 1996 01 15 1998 09 23 lpd 0 5 w 5 v 100 ma hpd 2 5 w 5 v 500 ma usb 2 0 specification chapter 7 2 power distribution and chapter 7 3 physical layer 2000 04 27 usb 3 0 specification chapter 11 interoperability and power delivery 2008 11 12 lpd 0 75 w 5 v 150 ma hpd 4 5 w 5 v 900 ma usb 3 1 specification chapter 11 interoperability and power delivery 2013 07 26 usb 3 2 revision 1 1 specification chapter 11 interoperability and power delivery 2022 07 usb battery charging rev 1 0 2007 03 08 7 5 w 5 v 1 5 a usb battery charging rev 1 1 2009 04 15 usb battery charging rev 1 2 2010 10 05 usb power delivery rev 1 0 v 1 0 1 3 2012 07 05 spr 100 w 20 v 5 a usb power delivery rev 2 0 v 1 0 1 3 2014 08 11 usb power delivery rev 3 0 v 1 0 2 0 2015 12 11 usb power delivery rev 3 1 v 1 0 1 9 2021 05 24 epr 240 w 48 v 5 a usb power delivery rev 3 2 v 1 0 1 1 2023 10 usb type c rev 1 0 2014 08 11 7 5 w 5 v 1 5 a and or 15 w 5 v 3 a usb type c rev 1 1 2015 04 03 usb type c rev 1 2 2016 03 25 usb type c rev 1 3 2017 07 14 usb type c rev 1 4 2019 03 29 usb type c rev 2 0 2019 08 29 usb type c rev 2 1 2021 05 25 usb type c rev 2 2 2022 10 usb type c rev 2 3 2023 10 usb type c rev 2 4 2024 10 28 system design edit a usb system consists of a host with one or more downstream facing ports dfp 60 and multiple peripherals forming a tiered star topology additional usb hubs may be included allowing up to five tiers a usb host may have multiple controllers each with one or more ports up to 127 devices may be connected to a single host controller 61 44 8 29 usb devices are linked in series through hubs the hub built into the host controller is called the root hub a usb device may consist of several logical sub devices that are referred to as device functions a composite device may provide several functions for example a webcam video device function with a built in microphone audio device function an alternative to this is a compound device in which the host assigns each logical device a distinct address and all logical devices connect to a built in hub that connects to the physical usb cable usb endpoints reside on the peripheral device the channels to the host are referred to as pipes usb device communication is based on pipes logical channels a pipe connects the host controller to a logical entity within a device called an endpoint because pipes correspond to endpoints the terms are sometimes used interchangeably each usb device can have up to 32 endpoints 16 in and 16 out though it is rare to have so many endpoints are defined and numbered by the device during initialization the period after physical connection called enumeration and so are relatively permanent whereas pipes may be opened and closed there are two types of pipe stream and message a message pipe is bi directional and is used for control transfers message pipes are typically used for short simple commands to the device and for status responses from the device used for example by the bus control pipe number 0 a stream pipe is a uni directional pipe connected to a uni directional endpoint that transfers data using an isochronous 62 interrupt or bulk transfer isochronous transfers at some guaranteed data rate for fixed bandwidth streaming data but with possible data loss e g realtime audio or video interrupt transfers devices that need guaranteed quick responses bounded latency such as pointing devices mice and keyboards bulk transfers large sporadic transfers using all remaining available bandwidth but with no guarantees on bandwidth or latency e g file transfers when a host starts a data transfer it sends a token packet containing an endpoint specified with a tuple of device_address endpoint_number if the transfer is from the host to the endpoint the host sends an out packet a specialization of a token packet with the desired device address and endpoint number if the data transfer is from the device to the host the host sends an in packet instead if the destination endpoint is a uni directional endpoint whose manufacturer s designated direction does not match the token packet e g the manufacturer s designated direction is in while the token packet is an out packet the token packet is ignored otherwise it is accepted and the data transaction can start a bi directional endpoint on the other hand accepts both in and out packets two usb 3 0 standard a receptacles left and two usb 2 0 standard a receptacles right on a computer s front panel endpoints are grouped into interfaces and each interface is associated with a single device function an exception to this is endpoint zero which is used for device configuration and is not associated with any interface a single device function composed of independently controlled interfaces is called a composite device a composite device only has a single device address because the host only assigns a device address to a function when a usb device is first connected to a usb host the usb device enumeration process is started the enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the usb device the signaling rate of the usb device is determined during the reset signaling after reset the usb device s information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7 bit address if the device is supported by the host the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state if the usb host is restarted the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices the host controller directs traffic flow to devices so no usb device can transfer any data on the bus without an explicit request from the host controller in usb 2 0 the host controller polls the bus for traffic usually in a round robin fashion the throughput of each usb port is determined by the slower speed of either the usb port or the usb device connected to the port high speed usb 2 0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high speed usb 2 0 buses and full and low speed buses there may be one translator per hub or per port because there are two separate controllers in each usb 3 0 host usb 3 0 devices transmit and receive at usb 3 0 signaling rates regardless of usb 2 0 or earlier devices connected to that host operating signaling rates for earlier devices are set in the legacy manner device classes edit the functionality of a usb device is defined by a class code sent to a usb host this allows the host to load software modules for the device and to support new devices from different manufacturers device classes include 63 class hex usage description examples or exception 00 device unspecified 64 device class is unspecified interface descriptors are used to determine needed drivers 01 interface audio speaker microphone sound card midi 02 both communications and cdc control serial adapter modem wi fi adapter ethernet adapter used together with class 0ah cdc data below 03 interface human interface device hid keyboard mouse joystick 05 interface physical interface device pid force feedback joystick 06 interface media ptp mtp scanner camera 07 interface printer laser printer inkjet printer cnc machine 08 interface usb mass storage usb attached scsi usb flash drive memory card reader digital audio player digital camera external drive 09 device usb hub high speed usb hub 0a interface cdc data used together with class 02h communications and cdc control above 0b interface smart card usb smart card reader 0d interface content security fingerprint reader 0e interface video webcam 0f interface personal healthcare device class phdc pulse monitor watch 10 interface audio video av webcam tv 11 device billboard describes usb c alternate modes supported by device dc both diagnostic device usb compliance testing device e0 interface wireless controller bluetooth adapter ef both miscellaneous activesync device fe interface application specific irda bridge rndis test measurement class usbtmc 65 usb dfu device firmware upgrade 66 ffh both vendor specific indicates that a device needs vendor specific drivers usb mass storage usb drive edit see also usb mass storage device class disk enclosure and external hard disk drive an early usb mass storage device flash drive with a usb a type connector an m 2 2242 solid state drive ssd connected into a usb 3 0 adapter connected to computer the usb mass storage device class msc or ums standardizes connections to storage devices at first intended for magnetic and optical drives it has been extended to support flash drives and sd card readers the ability to boot a write locked sd card with a usb adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non corruptible pristine state of the booting medium though most personal computers since early 2005 can boot from usb mass storage devices usb is not intended as a primary bus for a computer s internal storage however usb has the advantage of allowing hot swapping making it useful for mobile peripherals including drives of various kinds several manufacturers offer external portable usb hard disk drives or empty enclosures for disk drives these offer performance comparable to internal drives limited by the number and types of attached usb devices and by the upper limit of the usb interface other competing standards for external drive connectivity include esata expresscard firewire ieee 1394 and most recently thunderbolt another use for usb mass storage devices is the portable execution of software applications such as web browsers and voip clients with no need to install them on the host computer 67 68 media transfer protocol edit see also picture transfer protocol media transfer protocol mtp was designed by microsoft to give higher level access to a device s filesystem than usb mass storage at the level of files rather than disk blocks it also has optional drm features mtp was designed for use with portable media players but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the android operating system from the version 4 1 jelly bean as well as windows phone 8 windows phone 7 devices had used the zune protocol an evolution of mtp the primary reason for this is that mtp does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way ums does alleviating potential problems should an android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer the main drawback is that mtp is not as well supported outside of windows operating systems human interface devices edit main article usb human interface device class a usb mouse or keyboard can usually be used with older computers that have ps 2 ports with the aid of a small usb to ps 2 adapter for mice and keyboards with dual protocol support a passive adapter that contains no logic circuitry may be used the usb hardware in the keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a usb or ps 2 port and communicate using the appropriate protocol 69 active converters that connect usb keyboards and mice usually one of each to ps 2 ports also exist 70 device firmware upgrade mechanism edit device firmware upgrade dfu is a generic mechanism for upgrading the firmware of usb devices with improved versions provided by their manufacturers offering for example a way to deploy firmware bug fixes during the firmware upgrade operation usb devices change their operating mode effectively becoming a prom programmer any class of usb device can implement this capability by following the official dfu specifications doing so allows use of dfu compatible host tools to update the device 66 71 72 dfu is sometimes used as a flash memory programming protocol in microcontrollers with built in usb bootloader functionality 73 examples of devices using dfu include ipod and iphone 74 audio streaming edit the usb device working group has laid out specifications for audio streaming and specific standards have been developed and implemented for audio class uses such as microphones speakers headsets telep...
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