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s or outfitters onto their property to hunt native wildlife however in recent years when a few struggling smaller operations have added some dude ranch features such as horseback rides cattle drives and guided hunting to bring in additional income ranching is part of the iconography of the wild west as seen in western movies and rodeos etymology edit the term ranch comes from the spanish term rancho itself from the term rancharse which means to get ready to settle in a place to pitch camp itself from the military french term se ranger to arrange oneself to tidy up from the frankish hring which means ring or circle 3 4 it was originally vulgarly applied in the 16th century to the provisional houses of the indigenous peoples of the americas 5 the term evolved differently throughout the spanish speaking world 6 in mexico it evolved to mean a cattle farm station or estate a pasturing land or agricultural settlement where cattle are raised 7 8 9 10 originally used to refer to a hamlet or village where cattle is raised and where the land is sowed 11 12 13 and to a small independent cattle farm 14 or to a cattle station an area of land for cattle raising that is dependent of a hacienda a large cattle estate 15 16 in spain it retained its military origin being defined as the group of people typically soldiers who eat together in a circle a mess hall rancho in spain is also the food prepared for several people who eat in a circle and from the same pot 17 it was also defined as a family reunion to talk any particular business 18 19 20 while ranchero is defined as the steward of a mess the steward in charge of preparing the food for the rancho or mess hall 21 in south america specifically in argentina 22 uruguay chile brasil bolivia and paraguay the term is applied to a modest humble rural home or dwelling a cottage while in venezuela it s an improvised illegal dwelling generally poorly built or not meeting basic habitability requirements a shanty or slum house 10 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in charge of overall management is an employee of the actual owner the term foreman or ranch foreman is used a rancher who primarily raises young stock sometimes is called a cow calf operator or a cow calf man this person is usually the owner though in some cases particularly where there is absentee ownership it is the ranch manager or ranch foreman the people who are employees of the rancher and involved in handling livestock are called a number of terms including cowhand ranch hand and cowboy people exclusively involved with handling horses are sometimes called wranglers origins of ranching edit main transhumance routes in spain the most remote origins of a form of ranching date back to the 1100 s in spain where livestock raising had developed mainly around the raising of sheep 23 24 25 26 and by the 1200 s the establishment of a system of transhumance being regulated by the powerful mesta an association of sheep barons and shepherds created by king alfonso x of castile 27 although other livestock species like cattle existed their importance value and herd sizes were lesser than sheep 28 29 30 31 even before roman times 32 the importance of sheep was such that even in the accounting books for payment of livestock taxes the serviciadores servicemen reduced cows to sheep for accounting purposes 33 typically 6 six sheep for every cow or horse because there were so few cows and horses they didn t detract from the value of the figures 34 sheep were also used as currency and currency itself like the silver solidus had the equivalency of one sheep 35 36 sheep and sheepherding had such a cultural and economic impact on the culture of spain that the country was known as un pais de pastores a country of shepherds 37 38 spanish shepherd on horseback herding sheep in murcia 1880 during the reconquista the lands being reclaimed by the christians had been depopulated because these lands were still prone to raids and attacks by the muslims even after being reconquered agriculture was out of the question instead livestock raising predominantly sheep 39 40 41 42 became the solution to repopulate the land as the animals could easily be moved to a safer place in case of an attack 43 44 this led to the emergence of the pastor a caballo or horse mounted shepherd called caballeros villanos knights villein or pastores guerreros warrior shepherds 45 these were the highest class of peasants and were allowed to have a horse they on horseback could defend the frontier from attacks easily herd the animals to a safer place and could do their own raids on muslim lands 46 47 royal cañada trail through old castile segovia spain as for the land itself it was organized and highly regulated into various types due to a scarcity of pasturelands there were pastos comunales communal lands 48 private lands baldíos vacant wooded areas 49 and dehesas or fenced lands that could be privately owned 50 all these pasturelands could be used for a fee or tribute unless used by the surrounding villagers in the case of communal lands or could be rented to livestock owners most spanish ganaderos livestock owners didn t own their own land having to rent or lease the land by paying tribute or rent 51 52 most pasturelands had restrictions on the amount of livestock that could enter or even the type of species as in the dehesas boyales or dehesas used only for oxen a montazgo a tribute or tax paid for the transit of livestock through villages towns lands or mountains was also paid 53 history in north america edit cacería del toro cimarron hunting wild bulls in colonial mexico 1582 the origins of what we know today as ranching in north america date back to the 16th century when the spaniards introduced cattle and horses to mexico livestock raising had diverged in mexico from what it had been in spain due to an over abundance of land and because of the rapid multiplication of livestock an over abundance of cattle and horses in a letter to the king of spain in 1544 cristóbal de benavente prosecutor of mexico fiscal de audiencia wrote that livestock of all species were multiplying rapidly almost double every 15 months 54 although all livestock species took root and multiplied rapidly there was a preponderance of cattle so much so that soon after there was more cattle in mexico than in spain 55 according to spanish army captain bernardo de vargas machuca out of all the kingdoms mexico was where cattle were the most abundant 56 cattle had multiplied so much that just in the sotavento region of veracruz alone cattle had quintupled to around 2 5 million head in 1630 from half a million in 1570 57 the franciscan friar antonio de ciudad real who accompanied friar alonso de ponce to new spain in 1584 argued that the reason why cattle was so abundant in the province of mexico was because it was easier to produce and raise at less cost and with less work because pasturelands were abundant the climate was temperate and there were no wolves or other predators to prey upon them as in spain multiplying so much that it seemed to be native to the land that many men were able to brand more than 30 thousand calves a year 58 because it was a much greater territory land was plentiful thus any spanish laws that were applied back in spain regarding pasturelands and land ownership were never applied initially a generalized common grazing regime was established in which all vacant land was free and open to all as was the stubble after the harvest this regime allowed cattle to multiply in a semi wild state with minimal intervention from man diverging once again from spanish tradition 59 however over time the authorities were forced to recognize a somewhat stable occupation of the land by the first cattle barons the first sites or sitios intended for cattle and other livestock were called estancias stays stations and were given in the form of grants upon verification of the occupation or purchase made from the indians these grants didn t grant ownership but rather the usufruct of the land and were revocable if the beneficiary was absent thus the cattle barons reserved the exclusive use of the land without actually owning it 60 there were two types of estancias estancias de ganado mayor cattle and horse estancias and estancias de ganado menor sheep goat estancias both types had to be square in shape going from east to west cattle estancias had to be 1 league in length on each side or 5000 varas or 1750 hectares approximately 4400 acres while sheep and goat estancias had to measure 3333 varas in length or 780 hectares approximately 2000 acres the caballeria the piece of land allotted to a caballero and his mount while not defined as estancia had to be 43 hectares or approximately 110 acres the estancias de labor were the ones that combined livestock raising with agriculture however the estancias far exceeded the established limits since fencing the land was prohibited unlike in spain allowing the cattle to graze freely in the intermediate spaces and thus allowing the cattle barons to annex the land 61 62 63 most cattle barons usually possessed a set of estancias that were situated side by side encompassing a vast area 64 estancia was also the name of the houses or cottages where the vaqueros cowherds would gather 65 by 1554 there were 60 estancias de ganado mayor in the valley of toluca in central mexico with more than 150 000 head of cattle and horses 66 it s estimated that just in central mexico there were around 1 3 million head of cattle by 1620 67 between 1550 and 1619 103 cattle estancias 444 789 acres 118 sheep estancias approximately 200 000 acres 42 mare estancias 186 000 acres and 130 caballerías approximately 14000 acres were granted in the huasteca region of san luis potosí 68 the earliest cattle estancias were located in the highlands of central mexico and in the lowlands along the gulf of mexico because the lands in central mexico were beginning to be insufficient the cattle barons were forced to relocate according to franciscan friar juan de torquemada cattle barons began to move operations north of central mexico to the valleys and lands stretching for more than 200 leagues 500 miles from querétaro in the bajío region passing through zacatecas to the valley of guadiana durango 69 by 1582 there were more than 100 000 head of cattle 200 000 sheep and 10 000 horses grazing in the san juan del río valley in querétaro 70 in 1576 there were around 30 000 head of cattle in nueva vizcaya and by the end of the 18th century just in the bolsón de mapimí alone there were 325 000 head of cattle 230 000 horses 49 000 mules 7 000 donkeys 2 million sheep and 250 000 goats 71 in early 17th century prior to the tepehuán uprising of 1616 there were in the vicinity of the city of durango capital of nueva vizcaya more than 200 000 head of cattle and horses from where thousands of steers were driven to mexico city 72 by the late 18th century and early 19th century there were more than 5 million head of cattle in the province of xalisco in the intendancy of guadalajara the greatest cattle ranching region of all new spain producing between 300 000 and 350 000 calves a year 73 74 from both regions guadalajara and durango more than 50 000 head of cattle were taken out and driven each year to new spain to the cattle markets of mexico city puebla and surrounding areas in the 18th century 75 the province of sonora had 121 000 head of cattle in 1783 76 the province of california had 68 000 head of cattle and 2187 horses in 1802 up from 25000 cattle in 1792 77 atequiza hacienda in jalisco a major hacienda de labor that combined farming and cattle raising it contained its own theater prior to the establishment of rancho as a cattle farm the term seems to have been used to refer to provisional houses like those of the indigenous people or a camping site similarly the term estancia appears to have been used originally to denote a point where herdsmen and their herds finally came to rest 78 or as the spanish mexican horseman and historian don juan suárez de peralta described it in 1580 the houses where the vaqueros gather or assemble where they have corrals to enclose some cattle to brand and mark 79 the rancho under the mexican definition as we know it today would emerge sometime in the 17th century being defined as a small hacienda with a small amount of land for cultivation a small workforce and a proportionate amount of tools and equipment different from the estancia or big hacienda which has more land a bigger workforce more oxen and more tools and equipment 80 this definition from 1687 shows that both terms estancia and hacienda were synonymous apparently the term estancia begins to fall into disuse in the country being replaced by the term hacienda sometime in the early 18th century the french historian françois chevalier states that the terms estancia and caballería were gradually divested of their original meanings and ultimately restricted to units of measurement in favor of the term hacienda w...
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