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hitectures that cannot be used in a standard pc several japanese computer platforms including the msx x1 x68000 fm towns and fm 7 have built in fm synthesis sound from yamaha by the mid 1980s by 1989 the fm towns computer platform featured built in pcm sample based sound and supported the cd rom format 18 the custom sound chip on amiga named paula has four digital sound channels 2 for the left speaker and 2 for the right with 8 bit resolution f for each channel and a 6 bit volume control per channel sound playback on the amiga was done by reading directly from the chip ram without using the main cpu most arcade video games have integrated sound chips in the 1980s it was common to have a separate microprocessor for handling communication with the sound chip sound cards on other platforms edit melodik sound card with the ay 3 8912 chip for the didaktik zx spectrum with fuller soundbox turbo sound board manufactured by nedopc revision a the earliest known sound card used by computers was the gooch synthetic woodwind a music device for plato terminals and is widely hailed as the precursor to sound cards and midi it was invented in 1972 certain early arcade machines made use of sound cards to achieve playback of complex audio waveforms and digital music despite already being equipped with onboard audio an example of a sound card used in arcade machines is the digital compression system card used in games from midway such as mortal kombat ii on the midway t unit hardware the t unit hardware already has an onboard opm ym2151 fm chip coupled with an oki msm6295 dac but said game uses an added on dcs card instead 19 the card is also used in the arcade version of midway and aerosmith s revolution x for complex looping music and speech playback g msx computers while equipped with built in sound capabilities also relied on sound cards to produce better quality audio there were sound cards called msx music and msx audio for the system which used opll and opl1 chipsets respectively the moonsound created by sunrise swiss uses an opl4 sound chip the apple ii computers which did not have sound capabilities beyond rapidly clicking a speaker until the iigs could use plug in sound cards from a variety of manufacturers the first in 1978 was alf s apple music synthesizer with 3 voices two or three cards could be used to create 6 or 9 voices in stereo later alf created the apple music ii a 9 voice model the most widely supported card however was the mockingboard sweet micro systems sold the mockingboard in various models early mockingboard models ranged from 3 voices in mono while some later designs had 6 voices in stereo some software supported use of two mockingboard cards which allowed 12 voice music and sound a 12 voice single card clone of the mockingboard called the phasor was made by applied engineering the zx spectrum that initially only had a beeper had some sound cards made for it examples include turbosound 20 other examples are the fuller box 21 22 and zon x 81 23 24 the commodore 64 while having an integrated sid sound interface device chip also had sound cards made for it for example the sound expander which added an opl fm synthesizer contrary to popular belief the pc 98 series of computers do not have any integrated sound and their default configuration is a pc speaker driven by a timer like their ibm pc cousins sound cards were made for the c bus expansion slots that these computers had most of which used yamaha s fm and psg chips and made by nec themselves although aftermarket clones can also be purchased and creative did release a c bus version of the sound blaster line of sound cards for the platform external sound devices edit devices such as the covox speech thing could be attached to the parallel port of an ibm pc and fed 6 or 8 bit pcm sample data to produce audio also many types of professional sound cards take the form of an external firewire or usb unit usually for convenience and improved fidelity sound cards using the pc card interface were available before laptops and notebook computers routinely had onboard sound most of these units were designed for mobile djs providing separate outputs to allow both playback and monitoring from one system however some also target mobile gamers usb sound cards edit usb sound card usb sound cards are external devices that plug into the computer via usb they are often used in studios and on stage by electronic musicians including live pa performers and djs djs who use dj software typically use sound cards integrated into dj controllers or specialized dj sound cards dj sound cards sometimes have inputs with phono preamplifiers to allow turntables to be connected to the computer to control the software s playback of music files with vinyl emulation the usb specification defines a standard interface the usb audio device class allowing a single driver to work with the various usb sound devices and interfaces on the market mac os x windows and linux support this standard however some usb sound cards do not conform to the standard and require proprietary drivers from the manufacturer cards meeting the older usb 1 1 specification are capable of high quality sound with a limited number of channels but usb 2 0 or later are more capable with their higher bandwidths uses edit the main function of a sound card is to play audio usually music with varying formats monophonic stereophonic various multiple speaker setups and degrees of control the source may be a cd or dvd a file streamed audio or any external source connected to a sound card input audio may be recorded sometimes sound card hardware and drivers do not support recording a source that is being played non sound uses edit sound cards can be used to generate output arbitrary electrical waveforms as any digital waveform played by the soundcard is converted to the desired output within the bounds of its capabilities in other words sound cards are consumer grade arbitrary waveform generators a number of free and commercial software allow sound cards to act like function generators by generating desired waveforms from functions 25 there are also online services that generate audio files for any desired waveforms playable through a sound card sound cards can also be used to record electrical waveforms in the same way it records an analog audio input the recording can be displayed by special or general purpose audio editing software acting as an oscilloscope or further transformed and analyzed a protection circuit should be used to keep the input voltage within acceptable bounds 26 27 as general purpose waveform generators and analyzers sound cards are bound by several design and physical limitations sound cards have a limited sample rate typically up to 192 khz under the assumptions of the nyquist shannon sampling theorem this means a maximum signal frequency bandwidth of half that 96 khz real sound cards tend to have a bandwidth smaller than implied by the nyquist limit from internal filtering 26 as with all adcs and dacs sound cards produce distortion and noise a typical integrated sound card the realtek alc887 according to its data sheet has distortion about 80 db below the fundamental cards are available with distortion better than 100 db sound cards commonly suffer from some clock drift requiring correction of measurement results sound cards have been used to analyze and generate the following types of signals sound equipment testing a very low distortion sinewave oscillator can be used as input to equipment under test the output is sent to a sound card s line input and run through fourier transform software to find the amplitude of each harmonic of the added distortion 28 alternatively a less pure signal source may be used with circuitry to subtract the input from the output attenuated and phase corrected the result is distortion and noise only which can be analyzed gamma spectroscopy a sound card can serve as a cheap multichannel analyzer for gamma spectroscopy which allows one to distinguish different radioactive isotopes 29 longwave radio a 192 khz sound card can be used to receive radio signals up to 96 khz this bandwidth is enough for longwave time signals such as the dcf77 77 5 khz a coil is attached to the input side as an antenna while special software decodes the signal 30 31 a sound card can also work in the opposite direction and generate low power time signal transmissions jjy at 40 khz using harmonics 32 driver architecture edit to use a sound card the operating system os typically requires a specific device driver a low level program that handles the data connections between the physical hardware and the operating system some operating systems include the drivers for many cards for cards not so supported drivers are supplied with the card or available for download ms dos programs for ibm pc compatibles often used universal middleware driver libraries such as the hmi sound operating system the miles audio interface libraries ail the miles sound system etc which had drivers for most common sound cards some card manufacturers provided terminate and stay resident drivers for their products often the driver is a sound blaster and adlib emulator designed to allow their products to emulate a sound blaster and adlib and to allow games that could only use soundblaster or adlib sound to work with the card finally some programs simply had driver or middleware source code incorporated into the program itself for the sound cards that were supported windows uses drivers generally written by the sound card manufacturers many device manufacturers supply the drivers on their own discs or to microsoft for inclusion in windows usb audio device class support is present from windows 98 onwards 33 since microsoft s universal audio architecture uaa initiative which supports hd audio firewire and usb audio class standards a universal class driver by microsoft can be used the driver is included with windows vista for windows xp windows 2000 or windows server 2003 the driver can be obtained by contacting microsoft support 34 almost all manufacturer supplied drivers for such devices also include this universal class driver a number of versions of unix make use of the portable open sound system oss drivers are seldom produced by the card manufacturer most present day linux distributions make use of the advanced linux sound architecture alsa h mockingboard support on the apple ii is usually incorporated into the programs themselves as many programs for the apple ii boot directly from disk however a tsr is shipped on a disk that adds instructions to apple basic so users can create programs that use the card provided that the tsr is loaded first list of notable sound card manufacturers edit asus advanced gravis computer technology defunct adlib defunct aureal semiconductor defunct auzentech defunct c media creative technology e mu bought out by creative ess technology hercules computer technology ht omega ibm korg media vision m audio onkyo turtle beach systems via technologies see also edit electronics portal audio signal processing cross platform audio creation tool xact directmusic directsound eax openal pc system design guide sound card mixer notes edit if the number and size of connectors is too large for the space on the backplate the connectors will be off board typically using a breakout box an auxiliary backplate or a panel mounted at the front the percussion mode was considered inflexible by most developers it was used mostly by adlib s own composition software this was likely an intel microcontroller relabeled by creative the e mu card family the gravis gf 1 and amd interwave support up to 32 channels asio drivers are also available for a range of consumer grade sound cards with patches 14 15 bit resolution could be accomplished at the cost of high cpu usage revolution x used fully sampled songs from the band s album that transparently looped an impressive feature at the time the game was released up until linux kernel 2 4 oss was the standard sound architecture for linux although alsa can be downloaded compiled and installed separately for kernels 2 2 or higher but from kernel 2 5 onwards alsa was integrated into the kernel and the oss native drivers were deprecated backward compatibility with oss based software is maintained however by the use of the alsa oss compatibility api and the oss emulation kernel modules references edit what is sound card definition from techtarget whatis retrieved 2025 12 03 yac512 pdf yamaha archived from the original pdf on 2013 10 13 drewbatgit representing formats for iec 61937 transmissions win32 apps learn microsoft com retrieved 2026 02 11 1 2 pc 99 system design guide archived 2008 12 27 at the wayback machine intel corporation and microsoft corporation 14 july 1999 chapter 3 pc 99 basic requirements pc 99 system design guide self extracting exe archive archived 2007 02 16 at the wayback machine requirement 3 18 3 systems use a color coding scheme for connectors and ports accessed 2012 11 26 1 2 3 4 latimer joey pc sound gets serious pdf compute archived from the original pdf on september 6 2014 winds of progress unleashed in windy city computer gaming world july 1988 p 8 retrieved november 3 2013 the gamer s guide to sound boards computer gaming world september 1989 p 18 retrieved november 4 2013 english david june 1992 sound blaster turns pro compute p 82 retrieved november 11 2013 computing will never sound the same computer gaming world advertisement july 1992 p 90 retrieved july 3 2014 sound philosophy letters from paradise computer gaming world january 1994 pp 120 122 brooks m evan may 1994 never trust a gazfluvian flingschnogger computer gaming world pp 42 58 installing an lg driver on many dells with sigmatel 92xx chip including the inspiron 6400 and other models can add support for stereo mix archived 2013 05 20 at the wayback machine reference dates from 2007 and 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