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Text of the page (random words):
om 2 051 in 2008 to 49 926 in 2009 more than nature at 31 434 and science at 28 103 71 the second most cited article in acta crystallographica section a in 2008 had only 28 citations 72 critics of the jif state that use of the arithmetic mean in its calculation is problematic because the pattern of citation distribution is skewed 73 and citation distributions metrics have been proposed as an alternative to impact factors 74 75 76 however there have also been pleas to take a more nuanced approach to judging the distribution skewness of the impact factor ludo waltman and vincent antonio traag in their 2021 paper ran numerous simulations and concluded that statistical objections against the use of the if at the level of individual articles are not convincing and that the if may be a more accurate indicator of the value of an article than the number of citations of the article 1 reproducibility edit while the underlying mathematical model is publicly known the dataset which is used to calculate the jif is not publicly available this prompted criticism just as scientists would not accept the findings in a scientific paper without seeing the primary data so should they not rely on thomson scientific s impact factor which is based on hidden data 19 however a 2019 article demonstrated that with access to the data and careful cleaning the jif can be reproduced although this required much labour to achieve 77 a 2020 research paper went further it indicated that by querying open access or partly open access databases like google scholar researchgate and scopus it is possible to calculate approximate impact factors without the need to purchase web of science jcr 78 broader negative impact on science edit just as the impact factor has attracted criticism for various immediate problems associated with its application so has there also been criticism that its application undermines the broader process of science research has indicated that bibliometrics figures particularly the impact factor decrease the quality of peer review an article receives 79 cause a reluctance to share data 21 decrease the quality of articles 80 and a reduce the scope of publishable research for many researchers the only research questions and projects that appear viable are those that can meet the demand of scoring well in terms of metric performance indicators and chiefly the journal impact factor 21 furthermore the process of publication and science is slowed down authors automatically try to publish with the journals with the highest impact factor as editors and reviewers are tasked with reviewing papers that are not submitted to the most appropriate venues 77 institutional responses to criticism of the impact factor edit given the growing criticism and its widespread usage as a means of research assessment organisations and institutions have begun to take steps to move away from the journal impact factor in november 2007 the european association of science editors ease issued an official statement recommending that journal impact factors are used only and cautiously for measuring and comparing the influence of entire journals but not for the assessment of single papers and certainly not for the assessment of researchers or research programmes 81 in july 2008 the international council for science committee on freedom and responsibility in the conduct of science issued a statement on publication practices and indices and the role of peer review in research assessment suggesting many possible solutions e g considering a limit number of publications per year to be taken into consideration for each scientist or even penalising scientists for an excessive number of publications per year e g more than 20 82 in february 2010 the german research foundation published new guidelines to reduce the number of publications that could be submitted when applying for funding the focus has not been on what research someone has done but rather how many papers have been published and where they noted that for decisions concerning performance based funding allocations postdoctoral qualifications appointments or reviewing funding proposals where increasing importance has been given to numerical indicators such as the h index and the impact factor 83 the uk s research assessment exercise for 2014 also banned the journal impact factor 84 although evidence suggested that this ban was often ignored 85 in response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves the american society for cell biology together with a group of editors and publishers of scholarly journals created the san francisco declaration on research assessment dora released in may 2013 dora has garnered support from thousands of individuals and hundreds of institutions 28 including in march 2015 the league of european research universities a consortium of 21 of the most renowned research universities in europe 86 who have endorsed the document on the dora website publishers even those with high impact factors also recognised the flaws 87 nature magazine criticised the over reliance on jif pointing not just to its statistical flaws but to negative effects on science the resulting pressures and disappointments are nothing but demoralizing and in badly run labs can encourage sloppy research that for example fails to test assumptions thoroughly or to take all the data into account before submitting big claims 22 various publishers now use a mixture of metrics on their website the plos series of journals does not display the impact factor 88 microsoft academic took a similar view stating that h index ei sci and journal impact factors are not shown because the research literature has provided abundant evidence that these metrics are at best a rough approximation of research impact and scholarly influence 89 in 2021 utrecht university promised to abandon all quantitative bibliometrics including the impact factor the university stated that it has become a very sick model that goes beyond what is really relevant for science and putting science forward 90 91 this followed a 2018 decision by the main dutch funding body for research nwo to remove all references to journal impact factors and the h index in all call texts and application forms 92 utrecht s decision met with some resistance an open letter signed by over 150 dutch academics argued that while imperfect the jif is still useful and that omitting it will lead to randomness and a compromising of scientific quality 93 related indices edit some related metrics also calculated and published by the same organization include cited half life the median age of the articles that were cited in journal citation reports each year for example if a journal s half life in 2005 is 5 that means the citations from 2001 to 2005 are half of all the citations from that journal in 2005 and the other half of the citations precede 2001 94 aggregate impact factor for a subject category it is calculated taking into account the number of citations to all journals in the subject category and the number of articles from all the journals in the subject category immediacy index the number of citations the articles in a journal receive in a given year divided by the number of articles published journal citation indicator jci a jif that adjusts for scientific field it is similar to source normalized impact per paper calculated based on the scopus database 95 jci is available for all journals in the web of science core collection wos cc including the ahci esci bci cpci while jif is only available for the scie and ssci however starting in june 2023 jif will also be issued for all journals in the wos cc 96 jif quartile ranking a rank based on the four quartiles within a given subject or topic category 97 jif percentile ranking a percentile rank computed for a particular subject category 98 a given journal may attain a different quartile or percentile in different categories as with the impact factor there are some nuances to this for example clarivate excludes certain article types such as news items correspondence and errata from the denominator 10 99 100 101 other measures of scientific impact edit main article citation metrics further information scientometrics additional journal level metrics are available from other organizations for example citescore is a metric for serial titles in scopus launched in december 2016 by elsevier 102 103 while these metrics apply only to journals there are also author level metrics such as the h index that apply to individual researchers in addition article level metrics measure impact at an article level instead of journal level other more general alternative metrics or altmetrics that include article views downloads or mentions in social media offer a different perspective on research impact concentrating more on immediate social impact in and outside academia 61 104 counterfeit impact factors edit fake impact factors or bogus impact factors are produced by certain companies or individuals 105 according to an article published in the electronic physician these include global impact factor citefactor and universal impact factor 105 jeffrey beall maintained a list of such misleading metrics 106 107 another deceitful practice is reporting alternative impact factors calculated as the average number of citations per article using citation indices other than jcr such as google scholar e g google based journal impact factor or microsoft academic 108 false impact factors are often used by predatory publishers 109 110 consulting journal citation reports master journal list can confirm if a publication is indexed by the journal citation reports 111 the use of fake impact metrics is considered a red flag 112 see also edit science portal author impact factor citation impact goodhart s law journalology notes on alternatives edit quality not quantity dfg adopts rules to counter the flood of publications in research press release deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft german research foundation 2010 dfg press release no 7 the leiden manifesto for research metrics 2015 plan s implementation guidelines february 2019 references edit 1 2 waltman ludo traag vincent antonio 1 march 2021 use of the journal impact factor for assessing individual articles statistically flawed or not f1000research 9 366 doi 10 12688 f1000research 23418 2 pmc 7974631 pmid 33796272 1 2 curry s february 2018 let s move beyond the rhetoric it s time to change how we judge research nature 554 7691 147 bibcode 2018natur 554 147c doi 10 1038 d41586 018 01642 w pmid 29420505 1 2 hutchins bi yuan x anderson jm santangelo gm september 2016 relative citation ratio rcr a new metric that uses citation rates to measure influence at the article level plos biology 14 9 e1002541 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 1002541 pmc 5012559 pmid 27599104 thomson corporation acquired isi online july 1992 archived from the original on 15 may 2013 retrieved 26 february 2012 via highbeam research acquisition of the thomson reuters intellectual property and science business by onex and baring asia completed press release 3 october 2016 journal citation reports web of science group retrieved 14 september 2019 web of science group web of science group 5 august 2019 retrieved 28 july 2020 1 2 the clarivate impact factor clarivate 20 june 1994 nature 2017 journal citation reports web of science science ed thomson reuters 2018 1 2 mcveigh me mann sj september 2009 the journal impact factor denominator defining citable counted items jama 302 10 1107 9 doi 10 1001 jama 2009 1301 pmid 19738096 hubbard sc mcveigh me 2011 casting a wide net the journal impact factor numerator learned publishing 24 2 133 137 doi 10 1087 20110208 s2cid 20172401 rsc advances receives its first partial impact factor rsc advances blog 24 june 2013 retrieved 16 july 2018 konforti boyana 30 july 2014 our first partial impact factor and our continuing full story cell mentor jcr with eigenfactor archived from the original on 2 january 2010 retrieved 26 august 2009 isi 5 year impact factor apa retrieved 12 november 2017 hoeffel c december 1998 journal impact factors allergy 53 12 1225 doi 10 1111 j 1398 9995 1998 tb03848 x pmid 9930604 s2cid 5773127 garfield e january 2006 the history and meaning of the journal impact factor jama 295 1 90 3 bibcode 2006jama 295 90g doi 10 1001 jama 295 1 90 pmid 16391221 s2cid 31183037 garfield e june 1998 the impact factor and its proper application der unfallchirurg 101 6 413 4 pmid 9677838 1 2 3 4 rossner m van epps h hill e december 2007 show me the data the journal of cell biology 179 6 1091 2 doi 10 1083 jcb 200711140 pmc 2140038 pmid 18086910 mckiernan ec schimanski la muñoz nieves c matthias l niles mt alperin jp july 2019 use of the journal impact factor in academic review promotion and tenure evaluations elife 8 e47338 doi 10 7554 elife 47338 pmc 6668985 pmid 31364991 1 2 3 müller ruth de rijcke sarah 1 july 2017 thinking with indicators exploring the epistemic impacts of academic performance indicators in the life sciences research evaluation 26 3 157 168 doi 10 1093 reseval rvx023 issn 0958 2029 1 2 time to remodel the journal impact factor nature 535 7613 466 july 2016 bibcode 2016natur 535 466 doi 10 1038 535466a pmid 27466089 1 2 callaway e july 2016 beat it impact factor publishing elite turns against controversial metric nature 535 7611 210 1 bibcode 2016natur 535 210c doi 10 1038 nature 2016 20224 pmid 27411614 1 2 3 brembs björn button katherine munafò marcus 24 june 2013 deep impact unintended consequences of journal rank frontiers in human neuroscience 7 291 arxiv 1301 3748 bibcode 2013arxiv1301 3748b doi 10 3389 fnhum 2013 00291 issn 1662 5161 pmc 3690355 pmid 23805088 van wesel m february 2016 evaluation by citation trends in publication behavior evaluation criteria and the strive for high impact publications science and engineering ethics 22 1 199 225 doi 10 1007 s11948 015 9638 0 pmc 4750571 pmid 25742806 1 2 souza neto valério 12 november 2024 ignoring journal metrics on cvs is an act of privilege nature 635 8038 290 bibcode 2024natur 635 290s doi 10 1038 d41586 024 03705 7 pmid 39533078 kansa e 27 january 2014 it s the neoliberalism stupid why instrumentalist arguments for open access open data and open science are not enough lse impact blog retrieved 16 july 2018 1 2 cabello f rascón mt 2015 the index and the moon mortgaging scientific evaluation international journal of communication 9 1880 1887 bornmann l daniel hd 2008 what do citation counts measure a review of studies on citing behavior journal of documentation 64 1 45 80 doi 10 1108 00220410810844150 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0013 7a94 3 s2cid 17260826 anauati mv galiani s gálvez rm 11 november 2014 quantifying the life cycle of scholarly articles across fields of economic research ssrn 2523078 van nierop e 2009 why do statistics journals have low impact factors statistica neerlandica...
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