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tandard standard usb 1 0 1996 usb 1 1 1998 usb 2 0 2000 usb 2 0 revised usb 3 0 2008 usb 3 1 2013 usb 3 2 2017 usb4 2019 usb4 2 0 2022 max speed recommended marketing since 2022 18 basic speed high speed usb 5gbps usb 10gbps usb 20gbps usb 40gbps usb 80gbps original label low speed full speed superspeed or ss superspeed or ss superspeed usb 20gbps operation mode usb 3 2 gen 1 1 usb 3 2 gen 2 1 usb 3 2 gen 2 2 usb4 gen 3 2 usb4 gen 4 2 signaling rate 1 5 mbit s 12 mbit s 480 mbit s 5 gbit s 10 gbit s 20 gbit s 40 gbit s 80 gbit s connector standard a rem 1 n a standard b rem 1 mini a rem 2 n a mini ab rem 3 rem 4 mini b micro a rem 5 rem 2 rem 6 rem 1 n a micro ab rem 3 rem 7 rem 1 micro b rem 1 type c usb c rem 6 enlarged to show detail remarks 1 2 3 4 5 limited to max speed at 10 gbit s since only one lane 1 operation mode is possible 1 2 backward compatibility given 1 2 only as receptacle accepts both mini a and mini b plugs only as plug 1 2 backward compatibility given by usb 2 0 implementation accepts both micro a and micro b plugs objectives edit the universal serial bus was developed to simplify and improve the interface between personal computers and peripheral devices such as cell phones computer accessories and monitors when compared with previously existing standard or ad hoc proprietary interfaces 19 from the computer user s perspective the usb interface improves ease of use in several ways the usb interface is self configuring eliminating the need for the user to adjust the device s settings for speed or data format or configure interrupts input output addresses or direct memory access channels 20 usb connectors are standardized at the host so any peripheral can use most available receptacles usb takes full advantage of the additional processing power that can be economically put into peripheral devices so that they can manage themselves as such usb devices often do not have user adjustable interface settings the usb interface is hot swappable devices can be exchanged without shutting the host computer down small devices can be powered directly from the usb interface eliminating the need for additional power supply cables because the use of the usb logo is only permitted after compliance testing the user can have confidence that a usb device will work as expected without extensive interaction with settings and configuration the usb interface defines protocols for recovery from common errors improving reliability over previous interfaces 19 installing a device that relies on the usb standard requires minimal operator action when a user plugs a device into a port on a running computer either it entirely automatically configures using existing device drivers or the system prompts the user to locate a driver which it then installs and configures automatically the usb standard also provides multiple benefits for hardware manufacturers and software developers specifically in the relative ease of implementation the usb standard eliminates the requirement to develop proprietary interfaces to new peripherals the wide range of transfer speeds available from a usb interface suits devices ranging from keyboards and mice up to streaming video interfaces a usb interface can be designed to provide the best available latency for time critical functions or can be set up to do background transfers of bulk data with little impact on system resources the usb interface is generalized with no signal lines dedicated to only one function of one device 19 limitations edit as with all standards usb possesses multiple limitations to its design usb cables are limited in length as the standard was intended for peripherals on the same tabletop not between rooms or buildings however a usb port can be connected to a gateway that accesses distant devices usb data transfer rates are slower than those of other interconnects e g ethernet released in the same timeframe usb has a strict tree network topology and master slave protocol for addressing peripheral devices slave devices cannot interact with one another except via the host and two hosts cannot communicate over their usb ports directly some extension to this limitation is possible through usb on the go dual role devices 21 and protocol bridge a host cannot broadcast signals to all peripherals at once each must be addressed individually while converters exist between certain legacy interfaces and usb they might not provide a full implementation of the legacy hardware for example a usb to parallel port converter might work well with a printer but not with a scanner that requires bidirectional use of the data pins for a product developer using usb requires the implementation of a complex protocol and implies an intelligent controller in the peripheral device developers of usb devices intended for public sale generally must obtain a usb id which requires that they pay a fee to the usb implementers forum usb if developers of products that use the usb specification must sign an agreement with the usb if use of the usb logos on the product requires annual fees and membership in the organization 19 history edit the basic usb trident logo 22 a group of seven companies began the development of usb in 1995 23 compaq dec ibm intel microsoft nec and nortel the goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to pcs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of pcs addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to usb as well as permitting greater data transfer rates for external devices and plug and play features 24 concepts of the 1979 atari sio serial bus of the 8 bit atari computers and the 1980 ieee 488 derived commodore bus and hewlett packard s hp il bus pioneered this approach 25 26 a consortium led by apple and containing sony panasonic matsushita lg toshiba hitachi cannon philips electronics compaq thomson and texas instruments would develop the concept further from 1986 as the ieee 1394 firewire standard and patent pool 27 joseph c decuir originally of atari then commodore and a designer of the atari sio common bus would work on the usb project for microsoft obtaining one of the related us patents 28 sio was cited as prior art when defending usb against a patent troll 29 ajay bhatt and his team note 1 worked on the standard at intel 30 31 the first integrated circuits supporting usb were produced by intel in 1995 32 usb 1 x edit the basic speed usb logo released in january 1996 usb 1 0 specified signaling rates of 1 5 mbit s low bandwidth or low speed and 12 mbit s full speed 33 it did not allow for extension cables due to timing and power limitations few usb devices made it to the market until usb 1 1 was released in august 1998 usb 1 1 was the earliest revision that was widely adopted and led to what microsoft designated the legacy free pc 34 35 36 neither usb 1 0 nor 1 1 specified a design for any connector smaller than the standard type a or type b though many designs for a miniaturized type b connector appeared on many peripherals conformity to the usb 1 x standard was hampered by treating peripherals that had miniature connectors as though they had a tethered connection that is no plug or receptacle at the peripheral end there was no known miniature type a connector until usb 2 0 revision 1 01 introduced one usb 2 0 edit the hi speed usb logo usb 2 0 was released in april 2000 adding a higher maximum signaling rate of 480 mbit s maximum theoretical data throughput 53 mbyte s 37 named high speed or high bandwidth in addition to the usb 1 x full speed signaling rate of 12 mbit s maximum theoretical data throughput 1 2 mbyte s 38 various improvements of usb 2 0 includes usb selective suspend was introduced since usb 2 0 39 usb over current protection was introduced 40 modifications to the usb specification have been made via engineering change notices ecns the most important of these ecns are included into the usb 2 0 specification package available from usb org 41 mini a and mini b connector micro usb cables and connectors specification 1 01 interchip usb supplement on the go supplement 1 3 usb on the go makes it possible for two usb devices to communicate with each other without requiring a separate usb host battery charging specification 1 1 added support for dedicated chargers host chargers behavior for devices with dead batteries battery charging specification 1 2 42 with increased current of 1 5 a on charging ports for unconfigured devices allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1 5 a link power management addendum ecn which adds a sleep power state usb 3 x edit main article usb 3 0 deprecated superspeed usb logo the usb 3 0 specification was released on 12 november 2008 with its management transferring from usb 3 0 promoter group to the usb implementers forum usb if and announced on 17 november 2008 at the superspeed usb developers conference 43 usb 3 0 adds a new architecture and protocol named superspeed with associated backward compatible plugs receptacles and cables superspeed plugs and receptacles are identified with a distinct logo and blue inserts in standard format receptacles the superspeed architecture provides for an operation mode at a rate of 5 0 gbit s in addition to the three existing operation modes its efficiency is dependent on a number of factors including physical symbol encoding and link level overhead at a 5 gbit s signaling rate with 8b 10b encoding each byte needs 10 bits to transmit so the raw throughput is 500 mb s when flow control packet framing and protocol overhead are considered it is realistic for about two thirds of the raw throughput or 330 mb s to transmit to an application 44 4 19 superspeed s architecture is full duplex all earlier implementations usb 1 0 2 0 are half duplex arbitrated by the host 45 low power and high power devices remain operational with this standard but devices implementing superspeed can provide an increased current of between 150 ma and 900 ma by discrete steps of 150 ma 44 9 9 usb 3 0 also introduced the usb attached scsi protocol uasp which provides generally faster transfer speeds than the bot bulk only transfer protocol usb 3 1 specification 5 released in july 2013 first it preserves usb 3 0 s superspeed architecture and protocol and its operation mode is newly named usb 3 1 gen 1 previously called usb 3 0 and with usb 3 2 specification finally named usb 3 2 gen 1x1 and later marketed as usb 5gbps in 2023 46 47 48 second it introduces a distinctively new superspeedplus architecture and protocol with a second operation mode named as usb 3 1 gen 2 this doubles the maximum signaling rate to 10 gbit s later finally named usb 3 2 gen 2x1 since 2023 marketed as usb 10gbps while reducing line encoding overhead to just 3 by changing the scheme to 128b 132b while flow control packet framing and protocol overhead still have a significant impact on real world data rates 46 49 usb 3 2 specification released in september 2017 17 preserves existing superspeed and superspeedplus architectures and protocols and their respective operation modes but introduces two additional superspeedplus operation modes usb 3 2 gen 1 2 and usb 3 2 gen 2 2 with total signaling rates of 10 and 20 gbit s raw data rates of 1212 and 2424 mb s respectively the increased bandwidth is a result of two lane operation over the additional wires included in all full featured usb c fabrics all involved devices hubs cables and host 50 naming scheme edit starting with the usb 3 2 specification usb if introduced a new marketing related naming scheme 51 to help companies with the branding of the different operation modes usb if recommended branding the 5 10 and 20 gbit s capabilities as superspeed usb 5gbps superspeed usb 10gbps and superspeed usb 20gbps respectively 52 in 2023 they were replaced again 53 removing superspeed with usb 5gbps usb 10gbps and usb 20gbps with new packaging and port logos 54 usb4 edit this section needs to be updated the reason given is incomplete erroneous and not up to date e g lacks differences between usb4 first version and 2 0 applies also to main article please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information august 2024 main article usb4 the usb4 specification version 1 0 was released on 29 august 2019 it is based on the thunderbolt 3 protocol defines 20 and 40 gbit s signalling rates over usb c and allows tunneling of usb 3 2 usb 2 0 pcie and displayport protocols thunderbolt 3 compatibility is optional for usb4 hosts devices 55 usb 40gbps logo usb4 version 2 0 announced 1 september 2022 adds a new physical layer and higher signalling rates up to 80 gbit s bidirectional and an asymmetric mode supporting 120 40 gbit s host device device host for video heavy use cases it achieves this using pam3 signaling and in many cases existing passive 40 gbit s usb c cables a new 80 gbit s active cable category is also defined version 2 0 updates tunneling to align with displayport 2 1 and pcie 4 0 and maintains backward compatibility with usb4 1 0 usb 3 2 2 0 and thunderbolt 3 56 57 since 2023 the usb if recommends consumer facing product names that reflect signalling rates e g usb 40gbps usb 80gbps replacing usb4 v1 v2 in marketing and certification listings 58 connection mandatory for remarks host hub device usb 2 0 480 mbit s yes yes yes contrary to other functions which use the multiplexing of high speed links usb 2 0 over usb c utilizes its own differential pair of data wires tunneled usb 3 2 gen 2 1 10 gbit s yes yes no tunneled usb 3 2 gen 2 2 20 gbit s no no no tunneled usb 3 gen t 5 80 gbit s no no no a type of usb 3 tunneling architecture where the enhanced superspeed system is extended to allow operation at the maximum bandwidth available on the usb4 link usb4 gen 2 10 or 20 gbit s yes yes yes either one or two lanes usb4 gen 3 20 or 40 gbit s no yes no tunneled displayport 1 4a yes yes no the specification requires that hosts and hubs support the displayport alternate mode tunneled pci express 3 0 no yes no the pci express function of usb4 replicates the functionality of previous versions of the thunderbolt specification host to host communications yes yes n a a lan like connection between two peers thunderbolt 3 alternate mode no yes no thunderbolt 3 uses cables with usb c plugs the usb4 specification allows hosts and devices and requires hubs to support interoperability with the standard using the thunderbolt 3 alternate mode namely displayport and pcie other alternate modes no no no usb4 products may optionally offer interoperability with the hdmi mhl and virtuallink alternate modes september 2022 marketing naming scheme edit an overview of usb marketing naming scheme that was put in place in september 2022 a mix of usb specifications and their marketing names are being displayed because specifications are sometimes wrongly used as marketing names disputed for usb4 20...
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