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dministrators who opposed the killings many doctors collaborated either through ignorance agreement with nazi eugenicist policies or fear of the regime 99 protest letters were sent to the reich chancellery and the ministry of justice some from nazi party members the first open protest against the removal of people from asylums took place at absberg in franconia in february 1941 and others followed the sd report on the incident at absberg noted that the removal of residents from the ottilien home has caused a great deal of unpleasantness and described large crowds of catholic townspeople among them party members protesting against the action 100 similar petitions and protests occurred throughout austria as rumours spread of mass killings at the hartheim euthanasia centre and of mysterious deaths at the children s clinic am spiegelgrund in vienna anna wödl a nurse and mother of a child with a disability vehemently petitioned to hermann linden at the reich ministry of the interior in berlin to prevent her son alfred from being transferred from gugging where he lived and which also became a euthanasia center wödl failed and alfred was sent to am spiegelgrund where he was killed on 22 february 1941 his brain was preserved in formaldehyde for research and stored in the clinic for sixty years 101 church protests further information nazi euthanasia and the catholic church the lutheran theologian friedrich von bodelschwingh director of the bethel institution for epilepsy at bielefeld and pastor paul gerhard braune director of the hoffnungstal institution near berlin protested bodelschwingh negotiated directly with brandt and indirectly with hermann göring whose cousin was a prominent psychiatrist braune had meetings with gürtner who was always dubious about the legality of the programme gürtner later wrote a strongly worded letter to hitler protesting against it hitler did not read it but was told about it by lammers 102 bishop theophil wurm presiding over the evangelical lutheran church in württemberg wrote to interior minister frick in march 1940 denouncing the policy that month a confidential report from the sicherheitsdienst sd in austria warned that the killing programme must be implemented with stealth to avoid a probable backlash of public opinion during the war 11 103 on 4 december 1940 reinhold sautter the supreme church councillor of the württemberg state church complained to the nazi ministerial councillor eugen stähle against the murders in grafeneck castle stähle said the fifth commandment thou shalt not kill is no commandment of god but a jewish invention 104 bishop heinrich wienken of berlin a leading member of the caritas association was selected by the fulda episcopal synod to represent the views of the catholic church in meetings with t4 operatives in 2008 michael burleigh wrote clemens von galen wienken seems to have gone partially native in the sense that he gradually abandoned an absolute stance based on the fifth commandment in favour of winning limited concessions regarding the restriction of killing to complete idiots access to the sacraments and the exclusion of ill roman catholic priests from these policies 105 despite a decree issued by the vatican on 2 december 1940 stating that the t4 policy was against natural and positive divine law and that the direct killing of an innocent person because of mental or physical defects is not allowed the catholic church hierarchy in germany decided to take no further action incensed by the nazi appropriation of church property in münster to accommodate people made homeless by an air raid in july and august 1941 the bishop of münster clemens august graf von galen gave four sermons criticising the nazis for arresting jesuits confiscating church property and for the euthanasia program 106 107 galen sent the text to hitler by telegram calling on the führer to defend the people against the gestapo it is a terrible unjust and catastrophic thing when man opposes his will to the will of god we are talking about men and women our compatriots our brothers and sisters poor unproductive people if you wish but does this mean that they have lost their right to live 108 galen s sermons were not reported in the german press but were circulated illegally in leaflets the text was dropped by the royal air force over german troops 109 110 in 2009 richard j evans wrote that this was the strongest most explicit and most widespread protest movement against any policy since the beginning of the third reich 13 local nazis asked for galen to be arrested but goebbels told hitler that such action would provoke a revolt in westphalia and hitler decided to wait until after the war to take revenge 111 109 a plaque set in the pavement at no 4 tiergartenstraße commemorates the victims of the nazi euthanasia programme in 1986 lifton wrote nazi leaders faced the prospect of either having to imprison prominent highly admired clergymen and other protesters a course with consequences in terms of adverse public reaction they greatly feared or else end the programme 112 evans considered it at least possible even indeed probable that the t4 programme would have continued beyond hitler s initial quota of 70 000 deaths but for the public reaction to galen s sermon 113 burleigh called assumptions that the sermon affected hitler s decision to suspend the t4 programme wishful thinking and noted that the various church hierarchies did not complain after the transfer of t4 personnel to aktion reinhard 114 british historian alec ryrie wrote that braune von bodelschwingh kreyssig wurn von galen and others had demonstrated that when a broad enough swatch of germany s christians took a stand it was possible to save lives 11 on the other hand henry friedlander wrote that it was not the criticism from the church but rather the loss of secrecy and general popular disquiet about the way euthanasia was implemented that caused the killings to be suspended 115 galen had detailed knowledge of the euthanasia programme by july 1940 but did not speak out until almost a year after protestants had begun to protest in 2002 beth a griech polelle wrote worried lest they be classified as outsiders or internal enemies they waited for protestants that is the true germans to risk a confrontation with the government first if the protestants were able to be critical of a nazi policy then catholics could function as good germans and yet be critical too 116 on 29 june 1943 pope pius xii issued the encyclical mystici corporis christi in which he condemned the fact that physically deformed people mentally disturbed people and hereditarily ill people have at times been robbed of their lives in germany following this in september 1943 a bold but ineffectual condemnation was read by bishops from pulpits across germany denouncing the killing of the innocent and defenceless mentally handicapped and mentally ill the incurably infirm and fatally wounded innocent hostages and disarmed prisoners of war and criminal offenders people of a foreign race or descent 117 suspension and continuity commemorative plaque on wall on bunker no 17 in fort vii on 24 august 1941 hitler ordered the suspension of the t4 killings after the invasion of the soviet union in june many t4 personnel were transferred to the eastern front the projected death total for the t4 programme of 70 000 deaths had been reached by august 1941 118 the termination of the t4 programme did not end the killing of people with disabilities from the end of 1941 on the initiative of institute directors and local party leaders the killing of adults and children continued albeit less systematically until the end of the war 119 occupying forces in the soviet union routinely killed mentally disabled people to clear out the facilities for german use or to economize on supplies in december 1941 with the consent of general georg von küchler commander of the 18th army sd personnel shot 240 patients in a psychiatric facility 120 by the end of 1941 about 100 000 people had been killed in the t4 programme 121 from mid 1941 concentration camp prisoners too feeble or too much trouble to keep alive were murdered after a cursory psychiatric examination under action 14f13 122 after the bombing of hamburg in july 1943 occupants of old age homes were killed in the post war trial of dr hilda wernicke berlin august 1946 testimony was given that 500 old broken women who had survived the bombing of stettin in june 1944 were euthanised at the meseritz oberwalde asylum 119 the hartheim bernberg sonnenstein and hadamar centres continued in use as wild euthanasia centres to kill people sent from all over germany until 1945 118 the methods were lethal injection or starvation those employed before use of gas chambers 123 post war doctors trial main articles euthanasia trials and doctors trial after the war trials were held in connection with the nazi euthanasia programme at various places including dresden frankfurt graz nuremberg and tübingen in december 1946 an american military tribunal commonly called the doctors trial prosecuted 23 doctors and administrators for their roles in war crimes and crimes against humanity these crimes included the systematic killing of those deemed unworthy of life including people with mental disabilities the people who were institutionalised mentally ill and people with physical impairments after 140 days of proceedings including the testimony of 85 witnesses and the submission of 1 500 documents in august 1947 the court pronounced 16 of the defendants guilty seven were sentenced to death the men including brandt and brack were executed on 2 june 1948 the indictment read in part 14 between september 1939 and april 1945 the defendants karl brandt blome brack and hoven unlawfully wilfully and knowingly committed crimes against humanity as defined by article ii of control council law no 10 in that they were principals in accessories to ordered abetted took a consenting part in and were connected with plans and enterprises involving the execution of the so called euthanasia program of the german reich in the course of which the defendants herein murdered hundreds of thousands of human beings including german civilians as well as civilians of other nations the particulars concerning such murders are set forth in paragraph 9 of count two of this indictment and are incorporated herein by reference international military tribunal 124 earlier in 1945 american forces tried seven staff members of the hadamar killing centre for the killing of soviet and polish nationals which was within their jurisdiction under international law as these were the citizens of wartime allies hadamar was within the american zone of occupation in germany this was before the allied resolution of december 1945 to prosecute individuals for crimes against humanity for such mass atrocities alfons klein heinrich ruoff and karl willig were sentenced to death and executed the other four were given long prison sentences 125 in 1946 reconstructed german courts tried members of the hadamar staff for the murders of nearly 15 000 german citizens the chief physician adolf wahlmann and irmgard huber the head nurse were convicted citation needed other perpetrators see also category aktion t4 personnel and t4 gutachter aktion t4 marker 2009 in berlin dietrich allers was sentenced to eight years time served in december 1968 126 erich bauer arrested in 1949 and sentenced to death which was automatically commuted to life in prison due to west germany s abolition of capital punishment he died in prison in 1980 august becker initially sentenced to three years after the war in 1960 was tried again and sentenced to ten years in prison he was released early due to ill health and died in 1967 127 werner blankenburg lived under an alias and died in 1957 128 philipp bouhler committed suicide in captivity may 1945 128 werner catel was cleared by a denazification board after world war ii and was head of paediatrics at the university of kiel 129 he retired early after his role in the t4 programme was exposed but continued to support the killing of children with mental and physical disabilities 130 leonardo conti hanged himself in captivity on 6 october 1945 131 professor max de crinis took his own life via a cyanide capsule after poisoning his family fritz cropp d 6 april 1984 bremen a nazi official in oldenburg cropp was appointed the country medical officer of health in 1933 in 1935 he transferred to berlin where he worked as a ministerial adviser in the division iv health care and people care in the ministry of the interior in 1939 he became assistant director cropp was involved in the nazi euthanasia aktion t4 in 1940 he was herbert linden s superior and was responsible for patient transfers 132 irmfried eberl captured 1948 killed himself to avoid trial gottfried von erdmannsdorff commander of fortress mogilev where many physically and mentally disabled prisoners were killed executed by the soviet union in 1946 ernst robert grawitz killed himself shortly before the fall of berlin in april 1945 133 heinrich gross was tried twice one sentence was overturned and the charges in the second trial in 2000 were dropped as a result of his dementia he died in 2005 134 lorenz hackenholt vanished in 1945 135 hans heinze was convicted of crimes against humanity for his work at the brandenburg euthanasia centre and served seven years in an nkvd special camp 136 philipp landgrave of hesse the governor of hesse nassau was tried in 1947 at hadamar for his role in aktion t4 but was sentenced only to two years time served he died in 1980 137 werner heyde escaped detection for 18 years and took his own life in 1964 before his trial 122 josef hirtreiter served time in prison from 1951 to 1977 for gassings of jews at the treblinka extermination camp his involvement at the hadamar clinic was alleged but could never be proved 138 ernst illing was the director of the vienna psychiatric neurological clinic for children am spielgrund where he killed about 200 children he was sentenced to death on 18 july 1946 139 erwin jekelius former director of am spiegelgrund died in a prison camp in the soviet union in 1952 140 erich koch served time in prison from 1950 to his death in 1986 141 erwin lambert died in 1976 135 hans lammers was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment after being convicted in the ministries trial this was later commuted to 10 years and lammers was released in 1951 he died in 1962 herbert lange was killed by allied troops during the battle of berlin herbert linden took his own life in 1945 overseers of the programme were initially herbert linden and werner heyde linden was later replaced by hermann paul nitsche 142 heinrich matthes was sentenced to life imprisonment at the treblinka trials friedrich mennecke died in 1947 while awaiting trial 143 aktion t4 memorial at tiergartenstraße 4 berlin franz niedermoser de chief doctor of the klagenfurt exterminati...
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