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n public life 18 he became a government official advancing quickly in rank to become like his father prefect of rome the highest civil office in the city when only thirty three years old 9 the monks of the monastery of st andrew established by gregory at the ancestral home on the caelian had a portrait of him made after his death which john the deacon also saw in the 9th century he reports the picture of a man who was rather bald and had a tawny beard like his father s and a face that was intermediate in shape between his mother s and father s the hair that he had on the sides was long and carefully curled his nose was thin and straight and slightly aquiline his forehead was high he had thick subdivided lips and a chin of a comely prominence and beautiful hands 20 in the modern era gregory is often depicted as a man at the border poised between the roman and germanic worlds between east and west and above all perhaps between the ancient and medieval epochs 21 monastic years edit mosaic from the cefalù cathedral on his father s death gregory converted his family villa into a monastery dedicated to andrew the apostle after his death it was rededicated as san gregorio magno al celio in his life of contemplation gregory concluded that in that silence of the heart while we keep watch within through contemplation we are as if asleep to all things that are without 22 gregory had a deep respect for the monastic life and particularly the vow of poverty thus when it came to light that a monk lying on his deathbed had stolen three gold pieces gregory as a remedial punishment forced the monk to die alone then threw his body and coins on a manure heap to rot with a condemnation take your money with you to perdition gregory believed that punishment for sins can begin even in this life before death 23 however in time after the monk s death gregory had 30 masses offered for the man to assist his soul before the final judgment he viewed being a monk as the ardent quest for the vision of our creator 24 his three paternal aunts were nuns renowned for their sanctity however after the eldest two trasilla and emiliana died after seeing a vision of their ancestor pope felix iii the youngest soon abandoned the religious life and married the steward of her estate gregory s response to this family scandal was that many are called but few are chosen 18 gregory s mother is herself a saint eventually pope pelagius ii ordained gregory a deacon and solicited his help in trying to heal the schism of the three chapters in northern italy however this schism was not healed until well after gregory was gone 25 apocrisiariate 579 585 edit illumination in a 12th century manuscript of a letter of gregory s to leander of seville in 579 pelagius ii chose gregory as his apocrisiarius ambassador to the imperial court in constantinople a post gregory would hold until 586 26 gregory was part of the roman delegation both lay and clerical that arrived in constantinople in 578 to ask the emperor for military aid against the lombards 27 with the byzantine military focused on the east these entreaties proved unsuccessful in 584 pelagius ii wrote to gregory as apocrisiarius detailing the hardships that rome was experiencing under the lombards and asking him to ask emperor maurice to send a relief force 27 maurice however had long ago determined to limit his efforts against the lombards to intrigue and diplomacy pitting the franks against them 27 it soon became obvious to gregory that the byzantine emperors were unlikely to send such a force given their more immediate difficulties with the persians in the east and the avars and slavs to the north 28 controversy with eutychius edit according to ekonomou if gregory s principal task was to plead rome s cause before the emperor there seems to have been little left for him to do once imperial policy toward italy became evident papal representatives who pressed their claims with excessive vigor could quickly become a nuisance and find themselves excluded from the imperial presence altogether 28 gregory had already drawn an imperial rebuke for his lengthy canonical writings on the subject of the legitimacy of john iii scholasticus who had occupied the patriarchate of constantinople for twelve years prior to the return of eutychius who had been driven out by justinian 28 gregory turned to cultivating connections with the byzantine elite of the city where he became extremely popular with the city s upper class especially aristocratic women 28 ekonomou surmises that while gregory may have become spiritual father to a large and important segment of constantinople s aristocracy this relationship did not significantly advance the interests of rome before the emperor 28 although the writings of john the deacon claim that gregory labored diligently for the relief of italy there is no evidence that his tenure accomplished much towards any of the objectives of pelagius ii 29 in constantinople gregory took issue with the aged eutychius of constantinople who had recently published a treatise now lost on the general resurrection eutychius maintained that the resurrected body will be more subtle than air and no longer palpable 30 f gregory s theological disputes with patriarch eutychius would leave a bitter taste for the theological speculation of the east with gregory that continued to influence him well into his own papacy 31 according to western sources gregory s very public debate with eutychius culminated in an exchange before tiberius ii where gregory supported the view that christ was corporeal and palpable after his resurrection allegedly as a result of this exchange tiberius ii ordered eutychius s writings burned 31 ekonomou views this argument though exaggerated in western sources as gregory s one achievement of an otherwise fruitless apokrisiariat 32 gregory relied on scripture because he could not read the untranslated greek authoritative works 32 shortly after both gregory and eutychius became ill gregory recovered but eutychius died on 5 april 582 at age 70 on his deathbed eutychius recanted impalpability and gregory dropped the matter papacy edit gregory left constantinople for rome in 585 returning to his monastery on the caelian hill 33 gregory was elected by acclamation to succeed pelagius ii in 590 when the latter died of the plague spreading through the city 33 gregory was approved by an imperial iussio from constantinople the following september as was the norm during the byzantine papacy 33 augustine of canterbury on his mission to anglo saxon england gregory was more inclined to remain retired into the monastic lifestyle of contemplation 34 in texts of all genres especially those produced in his first year as pope gregory bemoaned the burden of office and mourned the loss of the undisturbed life of prayer he had once enjoyed as a monk 35 when he became pope in 590 among his first acts was writing a series of letters disavowing any ambition to the throne of peter and praising the contemplative life of the monks he wrote to emperor maurice requesting that he not confirm his election however the letter was intercepted by the prefect of rome 36 at that time for various reasons the holy see had not exerted effective leadership in the west since the pontificate of gelasius i the episcopacy in gaul was drawn from the great territorial families and identified with them the parochial horizon of gregory s contemporary gregory of tours may be considered typical in visigothic spain the bishops had little contact with rome in italy the territories which had de facto fallen under the administration of the papacy were beset by the violent lombard dukes and the rivalry of the byzantines in the exarchate of ravenna and in the south pope gregory had strong convictions on missions almighty god places good men in authority that he may impart through them the gifts of his mercy to their subjects and this we find to be the case with the british over whom you have been appointed to rule that through the blessings bestowed on you the blessings of heaven might be bestowed on your people also 37 he is credited with re energizing the church s missionary work among the non christian peoples of northern europe he is most famous for sending a mission often called the gregorian mission under augustine of canterbury prior of saint andrew s where he had possibly succeeded gregory to evangelize the pagan anglo saxons of britain it seems that the pope had never forgotten the anglo saxon slaves whom he had once seen in the roman forum 38 the mission was successful and it was from england that missionaries later set out for the netherlands and germany the preaching of non heretical christian faith and the elimination of all deviations from it were a key element in gregory s worldview and it constituted one of the major continuing policies of his pontificate 39 pope gregory the great urged his followers on the value of bathing as a bodily need 40 pope gregory also significantly influenced catholic teaching on the jews based on the writings of st paul and st augustine of hippo but also existing roman law he declared jews should be protected by christians and allowed the practise of judaism unharmed 41 in his letter to the bishop of palermo he laid out that just as jews were not allowed to pursue more freedoms than roman law allowed their position so christians were not allowed to infringe the rights that jews had this letter became later the template for papal protective letters for the jews in the later middle ages like calixtus ii s pontifical bull sicut judaeis just as the jews importantly though he also encouraged bishops to convert the jews pope gregory insisted that jews should not be forced to convert or physically harmed 42 41 it is said he was declared a saint immediately after his death by popular acclamation 1 in his official documents gregory was the first to make extensive use of the term servant of the servants of god servus servorum dei as a papal title thus initiating a practice that was to be followed by most subsequent popes 43 alms edit the church had a practice from early times of passing on a large portion of the donations it received from its members as alms gregory is known for his extensive administrative system of charitable relief of the poor at rome the poor were predominantly refugees from the incursions of the lombards the philosophy under which he devised this system is that the wealth belonged to the poor and the church was only its steward he received lavish donations from the wealthy families of rome who following his own example were eager by doing so to expiate their sins he gave alms equally as lavishly both individually and en masse he wrote in letters 44 i have frequently charged you to act as my representative to relieve the poor in their distress and i hold the office of steward to the property of the poor in gregory s time the church in rome received donations of many different kinds consumables such as food and clothing investment property real estate and works of art and capital goods or revenue generating property such as the sicilian latifundia or agricultural estates the church already had a system for circulating the consumables to the poor associated with each of the main city churches was a deacon he was given a building from which the poor could apply for assistance at any time g 45 the circumstances in which gregory became pope in 590 were of ruination the lombards held the greater part of italy their depredations had brought the economy to a standstill they camped nearly at the gates of rome the city itself was crowded with refugees from all walks of life who lived in the streets and had few of the necessities of life the seat of government was far from rome in constantinople and appeared unable to undertake the relief of italy mass of st gregory c 1490 attributed to diego de la cruz oil and gold on panel philadelphia museum of art in 590 gregory could not wait for constantinople any longer he organized the resources of the church into an administration for general relief in doing so he evidenced a talent and intuitive understanding of the principles of accounting which was not to be invented for centuries the church already had basic accounting documents every expense was recorded in journals called regesta lists of amounts recipients and circumstances revenue was recorded in polyptici books many of these polyptici were ledgers recording the operating expenses of the church and the assets the patrimonia a central papal administration the notarii under a chief the primicerius notariorum kept the ledgers and issued brevia patrimonii or lists of property for which each rector was responsible 46 gregory began by aggressively requiring his churchmen to seek out and relieve needy persons and reprimanded them if they did not in a letter to a subordinate in sicily he wrote i asked you most of all to take care of the poor and if you knew of people in poverty you should have pointed them out i desire that you give the woman pateria forty solidi for the children s shoes and forty bushels of grain 47 soon he was replacing administrators who would not cooperate with those who would and at the same time adding more in a build up to a great plan that he had in mind he understood that expenses must be matched by income to pay for his increased expenses he liquidated the investment property and paid the expenses in cash according to a budget recorded in the polity the churchmen were paid four times a year and also personally given a golden coin for their trouble 48 money however was no substitute for food in a city that was on the brink of famine the church now owned between 1 300 and 1 800 square miles 3 400 and 4 700 km 2 of revenue generating farmland divided into large sections called patrimonia it produced goods of all kinds which were sold but gregory intervened and had the goods shipped to rome for distribution in the diaconia he gave orders to step up production set quotas and put an administrative structure in place to carry it out at the bottom was the rusticus who produced the goods some rustici were or owned slaves he turned over part of his produce to a conductor from whom he leased the land the latter reported to an actionarius who reported to a defensor who reported to a rector grain wine cheese meat fish and oil began to arrive at rome in large quantities where it was given away for nothing as alms 49 fresco of saint gregory the pope of rome at stavronikita theophanes the cretan distributions to qualified persons were monthly however a certain proportion of the population lived in the streets or were too ill or infirm to pick up their monthly food supply gregory sent out a small army of charitable persons mainly monks every morning with prepared food to them it is said that he would not dine until the indigent were fed when he did dine he shared the family table which he had saved and which still ...
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