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the original text of the new testament books some modern textual critics have identified sections as additions of material centuries after the gospel was written these are called interpolations in modern translations of the bible the results of textual criticism have led to certain verses words and phrases being left out or marked as not original for example there are a number of bible verses in the new testament that are present in the king james version kjv but are absent from most modern bible translations most modern textual scholars consider these verses interpolations exceptions include advocates of the byzantine or majority text the verse numbers have been reserved but without any text so as to preserve the traditional numbering of the remaining verses the biblical scholar bart d ehrman notes that many current verses were not part of the original text of the new testament these scribal additions are often found in late medieval manuscripts of the new testament but not in the manuscripts of the earlier centuries he adds and because the king james bible is based on later manuscripts such verses became part of the bible tradition in english speaking lands 179 he notes however that modern english translations such as the new international version were written by using a more appropriate textual method 180 most modern bibles have footnotes to indicate passages that have disputed source documents bible commentaries also discuss these sometimes in great detail while many variations have been discovered between early copies of biblical texts most of these are variations in spelling punctuation or grammar also many of these variants are so particular to the greek language that they would not appear in translations into other languages 181 three of the most important interpolations are the last verses of the gospel of mark 182 183 184 the story of the adulterous woman in the gospel of john 185 186 187 and the explicit reference to the trinity in 1 john to have been a later addition 188 189 the new testament has been preserved in more than 5 800 fragmentary greek manuscripts 10 000 latin manuscripts and 9 300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including syriac slavic ethiopic and armenian not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox christian writers for example the gnostic writings of valentinus come from the 2nd century ad and these christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church 190 the sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties although it gives scholars a better idea of how close modern bibles are to the original versions 190 bruce metzger says the more often you have copies that agree with each other especially if they emerge from different geographical areas the more you can cross check them to figure out what the original document was like the only way they d agree would be where they went back genealogically in a family tree that represents the descent of the manuscripts 181 in the text of the new testament kurt aland and barbara aland compare the total number of variant free verses and the number of variants per page excluding spelling errors among the seven major editions of the greek nt tischendorf westcott hort von soden vogels merk bover and nestle aland concluding that 62 9 or 4 999 7 947 are in agreement 191 they concluded thus in nearly two thirds of the new testament text the seven editions of the greek new testament which we have reviewed are in complete accord with no differences other than in orthographical details e g the spelling of names verses in which any one of the seven editions differs by a single word are not counted in the gospels acts and revelation the agreement is less while in the letters it is much greater 191 per aland and aland the total consistency achieved in the gospel of matthew was 60 642 verses out of 1 071 the total consistency achieved in the gospel of mark was 45 306 verses out of 678 the total consistency achieved in the gospel of luke was 57 658 verses out of 1 151 and the total consistency achieved in the gospel of john was 52 450 verses out of 869 191 almost all of these variants are minor and most of them are spelling or grammatical errors almost all can be explained by some type of unintentional scribal mistake such as poor eyesight very few variants are contested among scholars and few or none of the contested variants carry any theological significance modern biblical translations reflect this scholarly consensus where the variants exist while the disputed variants are typically noted as such in the translations 180 a quantitative study on the stability of the new testament compared early manuscripts to later manuscripts up to the middle ages with the byzantine manuscripts and concluded that the text had more than 90 stability over this time period 192 it has been estimated that only 0 1 to 0 2 of the new testament variants impact the meaning of the texts in any significant fashion 192 bart ehrman when contrasting his view with his mentor bruce m metzger stated that the position i argue for in misquoting jesus does not actually stand at odds with prof metzger s position that the essential christian beliefs are not affected by textual variants in the manuscript tradition of the new testament and notes that m ost textual variants prof metzger and i agree on this have no bearing at all on what a passage means 193 in another work on textual criticism ehrman and metzger state that even if we did not have any new testament manuscripts the entire new testament could be restored from the extensive quotations by the early church fathers 194 daniel b wallace and other textual critics have provided details and examples of textual variants how they are reconstructed properly based on rigorous methods and lines of evidence and dispelled modern myths of irrecuperable corruptions or lost information such investigations have concluded that the new testament text is well preserved while correcting diverse claims on textual criticism 195 196 individual units edit see also internal consistency of the bible the synoptic gospels follow mark closely compared to other ancient historians usage of sources while john s relatively free usage of mark lines up well with the practices of other authors during antiquity but contrasts with the unusually conservative adaptations of the synoptics 197 198 199 brown contends for important contradictions between the gospels though allison notes that most variations in the synoptics are relatively minor 200 201 the patterns of parallels and differences found in the gospels are typical of ancient biographies about real people and history 202 early life of jesus edit the genealogy birth and childhood of jesus appear only in matthew and luke critical scholars such as w d davies and e p sanders consider both such as luke s census of quirinius 203 204 205 to be non historical 206 207 208 note 9 213 though they contain some useful biographical information concerning jesus s birth during the reign of augustus and his father s name 214 conservative scholars have maintained the historicity of the narratives 215 the gospel of matthew and luke give differing genealogies of jesus some have suggested that the differences are the result of different lineages matthew s from king david s son solomon to jacob father of joseph and luke s from king david s other son nathan to heli father of mary and father in law of joseph 216 geza vermes argues that luke makes no mention of mary and questions what purpose a maternal genealogy would serve in a jewish setting 217 baptism of jesus edit modern biblical scholars view the baptism of jesus as a historical event to which a high degree of certainty can be assigned 218 219 220 221 teachings of jesus edit most scholars have accepted the parables of jesus as authentically dominical 222 john p meier argues that most parables are marked by the theology of matthew and luke and that few of the parables can be attributed with confidence to the historical jesus although other scholars disagree 223 224 dale allison professes to be slower than meier to move from redactional features to complete invention and suggests that most of luke s parables do not derive from redaction 225 cleansing of the temple edit according to sanders most scholars agree that it is overwhelmingly probable that jesus did something in the temple and said something about its destruction 226 passion narrative edit the entry of jesus into jerusalem recalls the entry of judas maccabeus the last supper is mentioned only in the synoptics 227 there is a general agreement among scholars that jesus did enter jerusalem and was acclaimed by his supporters 228 229 while christian tradition reflects a tendency to shift responsibility for jesus execution away from roman authorities and toward jewish leaders both jewish and roman figures appear to have been involved in the crucifixion of jesus paul in the first epistle to the thessalonians claims the judeans were responsible for the death of jesus while he mentions the roman authorities in the first epistle to the corinthians agreeing with the gospel accounts where jesus s death follows the sanhedrin and pilate s actions 230 gerd lüdemann argues that such theological and missionary motivations raise questions about the historicity of the gospel accounts at this point in the narrative 231 last supper edit according to john p meier and e p sanders jesus having a final meal with his disciples is almost beyond dispute among scholars and belongs to the framework of the narrative of jesus life 232 233 i howard marshall states that any doubt about the historicity of the last supper should be abandoned 234 crucifixion edit scholars nearly universally accept the historicity of jesus crucifixion 235 although there is no consensus on the details 236 237 sanders and fredriksen support the historicity of the crucifixion but contend that jesus s prediction of the crucifixion is a church creation 238 126 on the other hand michael patrick barber and dale allison argue that the historical jesus predicted his violent death 239 the account of judas s death in acts where judas buys a field and dies there differs from the one in matthew where he gives the bribe to the temple priests who buy the field instead 240 241 242 archaeology and geography edit main article biblical archaeology skeletal remains of jehohanan 1st century ce crucifixion victim from givat hamivtar in jerusalem with a nail still lodged inside the heel bone archaeological tools are very limited with respect to questions of existence of any specific individuals from the ancient past 243 according to eric cline there is no direct archaeological evidence for the majority of people in antiquity including people like jesus or apostles 243 bart ehrman states that having no archeological evidence is not an argument for the non existence of jesus or anyone else because we have no archaeological evidence from anyone else from jesus s day either 244 even still either archaeological record or extra biblical attestations do exist for numerous people found in the new testament including jesus 245 craig evans notes that archaeologists have some indirect information on how jesus life might have been from archaeological finds from nazareth the high priest caiaphas ossuary numerous synagogue buildings and jehohanan a crucified victim who had a jewish burial after execution 246 archeological findings from nazareth refute claims by mythicists that nazareth did not exist in the 1st century and also give credibility to brief passages in the gospels on jesus time in nazareth his father s trade and connection to places in judea 247 archaeologists have uncovered a site in capernaum which is traditionally believed based on tentative circumstantial evidence to have been the house of peter and which may thus possibly have housed jesus 248 some of the places mentioned in the gospels have been verified by archaeological evidence such as the pool of bethesda 249 the pool of siloam and the temple mount platform extension by king herod a mosaic from a third century church in megiddo mentions jesus 243 the gospel of john has seen increasing archeological corroboration of some its mundane details and some of the most important discoveries in the last few decades have been related to this gospel 16 a geological study based on sediments near the dead sea indicate that an earthquake occurred around 31 ad 5 years which plausibly coincides with the earthquake reported by matthew 27 near the time of the crucifixion of christ 250 251 a statistical study of name frequency in the gospels and acts corresponded well with a population name distribution database from 330 bc 200 ad and the works of josephus and did not fit well with ancient fictional works supporting historicity broadly 252 see also edit wikiquote has quotations related to historicity of the gospels authority reliability of a text as a witness bible version debate debate concerning the proper bible version to use biblical manuscript handwritten copy of a portion of the bible christ myth theory fringe theory claiming that jesus did not exist criticism of the bible development of the new testament canon gospel harmony compiling events of the biblical gospels jesus in comparative mythology comparative mythology study of jesus jesus seminar american biblical research project life of jesus part of the new testament new testament apocrypha writings by early christians not included in the biblical canon scholarly interpretation of gospel elements references edit notes edit historians often study the historical reliability of the acts of the apostles when studying the reliability of the gospels as it is the view of virtually all scholars that the acts of the apostles was written by the same author as the gospel of luke citation needed most scholars believe that the historical jesus was an apocalyptic prophet who predicted the imminent end or transformation of the world though others notably the jesus seminar disagree 69 reddish argues expectations of jesus s return slowed writing though bond notes apocalypticism was no barrier to the production of written texts as seen by the number of jewish apocalypses composed during the period 68 67 note 2 many scholars argue that a conditional understanding of eschatology is present in the gospels with the date of the parousia being dependent on repentance rather than being fixed 70 71 the death of witnesses and missionary needs of the church led to increased demand for writings about jesus 68 eve to be sure the majority view of new testament scholarship is that the gospels do not contain eyewitness accounts but this may in part be due to a habit of thought arising from the long dominance of form critical assumptions which the previous chapters of this book have shown to be suspect allison despite the required hesitation my inference after taking everything into account remains 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