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aints maximilian ii addressed ivan iv as tsar in a letter 199 in 1617 matthias recognized michael of russia de jure as tsar 200 in the peace of westphalia 1648 the russian tsar was referred to as magnus dux moscoviae grand duke of moscow against their wishes 201 nevertheless this meant russia was accepted as part of the res publica christiana 202 the holy roman emperors still refused to address the tsar with the style of majesty a right which the holy roman empire had already granted to other monarchs to which the russian delegation replied in 1661 by styling emperor leopold i as kayserliche grossmächigkeit or korolevskoe velikomocnyj instead 203 prior to the embassy of peter the great in 1697 1698 russia s tsarist government still had a poor understanding of the holy roman empire and its constitution under peter use of the double headed eagle increased and other less byzantine symbols of the roman past were adopted such as portrayals of the tsar as an ancient roman emperor on coins minted after the battle of poltava in 1709 the great northern war brought russia into alliance with several north german princes and russian troops fought in northern germany in 1718 peter further published a letter sent to tsar vasily iii by the holy roman emperor maximilian i dated 4 august 1514 in which the emperor addressed the russian as kaiser spelled kayser and implicitly his equal 204 in october 1721 peter assumed the title imperator to preclude the possibility of translating his title as king rex 101 the holy roman emperors refused to recognise this new title it was pointed out that the letter from maximilian was the only example of using the kaiser title for russian monarchs peter s proposal that the russian and german monarchs alternate as premier rulers in europe was also rejected the emperor charles vi supported by france insisted that there could only be one emperor 180 despite the alliance between charles vi and catherine i of russia which was formally concluded in 1726 it was specifically stipulated that russian monarch was not to use the imperial title in correspondence with the holy roman emperor 205 and the alliance treaty omits any references thereto with charles vi being referred as suae sacrae caesareae et regiae catholicae majestatis his sacred caesarian and royal catholic majesty and catherine i as suae sacrae totius russiae majestatis her sacred majesty of all russia 206 officially recognizing her at least as majesty 198 the reason for gradual acceptance of the russian claims was the war of the austrian succession where both sides attempted to draw russia towards them in 1742 the vienna court of maria theresa formally recognized the russian imperial title though without admitting the russian ruler s parity her rival the emperor charles vii upon his coronation in 1742 initially refused to acknowledge russian pretensions however by the end of 1743 the course of the war and the influence of prussian allies which had recognized russian imperial title almost immediately in 1721 convinced him that some form of recognition had to be offered this was done in early 1744 however in this case charles vii only acted in his capacity as a bavarian elector and not as a holy roman emperor 207 by the time of his death the issue still had not been formally settled at the imperial level it was only in 1745 that the imperial electoral college acknowledged russian claims which were then confirmed in the document produced by the newly elected emperor francis i maria theresa s husband and formally ratified by the reichstag in 1746 208 209 210 france was the last major western kingdom to recognise the title a year earlier 198 three times between 1733 and 1762 russian troops fought alongside austrians within boundaries of the empire the ruler of russia from 1762 until 1796 catherine the great was a german princess in 1779 she helped broker the peace of teschen that ended the war of the bavarian succession thereafter russia claimed to be a guarantor of the imperial constitution as per the peace of westphalia 1648 with the same standing as france and sweden 180 in 1780 catherine ii called for an invasion of the ottoman empire and the creation of a new greek empire or restored eastern roman empire for which purposes an alliance was made between joseph ii s holy roman empire and catherine ii s russian empire 211 with her grandson konstantin pavlovich as a new emperor in his own right 212 the alliance between joseph and catherine was at the time heralded as a great success for both parties 213 neither the greek plan or the austro russian alliance would persist long nonetheless both empires would be part of the anti napoleonic coalitions as well as the concert of europe any possible holy roman russian dispute ended with the dissolution of the holy roman empire in 1806 ottoman russian dispute edit see also russo turkish wars russo crimean wars and 15th 16th century moscow constantinople schism left catherine the great s greek plan red marks the planned borders of the restored byzantine empire under her grandson konstantin pavlovich blue marks the planned borders of the kingdom of dacia under grigory potemkin the compensations for the habsburg monarchy are marked with yellow and the compensations for venice are marked with blue green right close up of the intended approximate borders of the restored byzantine empire red and the kingdom of dacia blue both the tsardom of russia and later russian empire and the ottoman empire claimed the succession of the byzantine empire specifically the pope married off sophia palaiologina to grand prince ivan iii in hope of starting a joint crusade to reclaim constantinople 89 but ivan iii had no plans for a war with the ottomans 214 in 1547 ivan iv crowned himself tsar claiming both the political and religious succession of the byzantine empire as part of their own translatio imperii of the third rome 215 by the 1570s tsar ivan iv stopped using the term brother towards other kings and only saw the holy roman emperor and the ottoman sultan as equal 181 the russians began to distinguish between the byzantine emperor who was the tsar for the orthodox church and the khan of the golden horde who was the tsar for the princes 216 217 under the reign of grand prince ivan iii vassian patrikeyev argued that ivan iii should wield the title tsar and not the khans and compared him to vladimir the great and dmitry donskoy 218 in 1480 moscow gained independence from the golden horde with the great stand on the ugra river allowing the grand prince to adopt the title samoderzhets in greek autokrator in 1492 219 when ivan iv conquered the khanates of kazan and astrakhan he assumed the titles tsar of kazan and astrakhan he replaced their rulers not as a khan but as a ruler of an orthodox tsardom how v v trepavlov ru described it 220 the crimean khans saw themselves as the successors of the khans of the golden horde thus inheriting russia as their vassal and became the only intermediary between the kremlin and the sublime porte 221 they had been ottoman vassals themselves from 1475 222 and had been decisive in the non violent victory in 1480 223 the crimean khanate claimed to be equal or even superior to the tsardom of russia which had to pay tribute to them ulug khazīne lit great treasure which the russian tsar called present pominki in russian in 1643 the khan had to officially apologize after an envoy called the gift a kharaj but the annual tribute remained an obligation 224 in 1661 the crimean vizier reminded the russian tsar that the ottoman sultan would be suzerain ruler over both the khan and him 221 the khanate was generally more willing to address other rulers by their official title unlike their overlords but in 1660 the crimean vizier sefer ğazı crh refused to refer the russian tsar as magrib ve maşriq padişahı emperor padishah of the east and west and potentially even compared him to the prince electors of the holy roman empire instead 225 khan mehmed iv giray stated that even the ottoman padişah is not using such titles for himself 226 the crimean court rejected the russian claim to be ālem penāh refuge of the world too as it had been used by the sultan 227 in 1670 following the truce of andrusovo a crimean envoy referred to the russian tsar and the polish king as great padishahs 228 and in 1671 khan adil giray used the title emperor padishah of the east and west for the russian tsar 229 with the treaty of constantinople of 1700 the tribute payments were permanently stopped 230 the russian church opposed the short lived union between the byzantine and latin churches after the council of florence and argued that the fall of constantinople 1453 was divine punishment for it moscow then began to saw themselves as the center of the christian world as part of their third rome ideology 231 the russian church soon became de facto autocephalous their metropolitans were not appointed by constantinople anymore and acted politically independent 232 gennadius scholarius was appointed patriarch of constantinople by sultan mehmed ii in accordance to byzantine tradition 162 it is recorded that from at least 1474 the economical patriarchate referred to the sultan as basileus 233 in 1561 the patriarch of constantinople blessed ivan iv s right to the title tsar 234 in 1589 the moscow patriarchate was accepted by constantinople 235 gaining official autocephaly from constantinople 236 ivan iii called the sultan a tsar this changed with vasili iii of russia but selim i preferred the caliph title anyway 237 in 1525 the ottoman court ceased to issue official documents in scripts other than arabic a further step towards islamic political identity translations of official documents continued to be made and issued by lower officials and governors and for diplomatic purposes though these did not carry the tughra the sultan s signature 238 this meant that titles such as basileus and imperator ceased to be used officially by the sultans themselves 238 who instead mostly used only sultan and or padişah 239 the sultans continued to deny other monarchs the style of padişah in diplomatic correspondence which meant that the implications of their imperial role was not forgotten 238 ottoman sultans after suleiman i at times still stressed that they were roman emperors c and the style kayser or kayser i rûm remained in use as late as the eighteenth century 241 greek language translations of official ottoman documents continued to style the sultans as basileus 242 until 1876 239 when the official greek translation of the ottoman constitution kanun i esasi established that the terms sultan σουλτάνος soultanos and padişah παδισαχ padisach were to be used 239 according to a a novoselskyy ru the ottomans agreed to the title tsar in 1643 after the siege of azov 243 but already sultan selim ii addressed tsar ivan iv as moskov kıralı sar moscovian king tsar 172 halil i̇nalcık argues that sar or çar did not mean caesar to the ottomans 244 the ottoman sultans usually referred to them as moskov kıralı moscovian king or moskov çarı moscovian tsar 245 the latter being used treaty of constantinople of 1700 246 the ottoman empire shifted from muscovy to russia when they recognized elizabeth i as tamamen rusiya imparatoriça imperator of all of russia in 1741 245 by then imperator lost its association to the ottoman sultans 172 from 1774 the ottoman sultan had to officially recognize the russian emperor as padişah according to article 13 of the treaty of küçük kaynarca crimea was declared independent allowing russia to annex their old rival in 1783 247 in return their caliphate was verified as the ottomans needed islamic legitimization 248 but it was purely spiritual the russian empire later argued that the treaty gives them the rights to protect all orthodox christians within the ottoman empire 247 in 1780 empress catherine the great called for the invasion of the ottoman empire and the creation of a new greek empire or restored eastern roman empire rules by her grandson konstantin pavlovich as their own emperor 212 for which purposes an alliance was made between joseph ii s holy roman empire and catherine ii s russian empire 211 even during world war i russia had interests in conquering constantinople and in 1915 the entente agreed to give the city to the russians in case of a victory as part of the constantinople agreement by then the idea of claiming tsargrad blended into the wider slavophile movement 249 the russian revolution and the collapse of the tsardom in 1917 ended the dream 250 holy roman leonese dispute edit further information imperator totius hispaniae some argued that the imperial title was adopted in order to affirm the independence of león from charlemagne s restored western empire 251 carl erdmann associated the usage of the imperial title by the kings of castile to the decline of the power of salian emperors 252 the title had also was used to show suzerainty over the muslim and christian petty kingdoms of spain in the sense of a king of kings 253 unlike roman emperors castilian leonese rulers only claimed particular rule 254 and did not distinguish between emperors and kings 255 the imperial claims fell out of use after reaching its peak under alfonso vii 256 beginning in the 14th century various chronicles record an 11th century dispute over the imperial title between the holy roman emperor and king ferdinand i of león who is known to have used the title emperor imperator from at least 1056 the details of the dispute as recorded in the chronicles are clearly legendary they include the king of france demanding tribute from león and el cid declaring war on emperor pope and french king 257 in the 16th century the jesuit historian juan de mariana gave a fuller and more plausible account of the supposed 11th century dispute at the council of florence it in 1055 according to mariana the emperor henry iii urged pope victor ii to prohibit under severe penalties the use of the imperial title by ferdinand 258 this story is generally regarded as apocryphal although some modern authors have seen a kernel of historical truth in it antonio ballesteros beretta es argued that ferdinand adopted the title in opposition to henry iii s imperial pretensions edmund ernst stengel de believed the version found in mariana on the grounds that the latter probably used the now lost acts of the council of florence 259 ernst steindorff accepted it as an authentic transmission of the romancero tradition 260 the 13th century estoria de españa claims that the imperial title of alfonso vii was confirmed by the pope which is not backed up by contemporary documents which only call him rex 261 the annales cameracenses 1159 refer to our emperor hre the emperor of constantinople byzantium and the emperor of galicia castile león in contrast to the kings of gaul france and england 262 in 1256 alfonso x of castile would list the spanish emperors as his third imperial lineage alongside h...
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