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d low level conflicts 37 the soviets quickly signed a non aggression pact with china to lend materiel support effectively ending china s prior cooperation with germany 38 from september to november the japanese attacked taiyuan engaged the kuomintang army around xinkou fought communist forces in pingxingguan and wrestled control over china s northern railway network 39 40 41 nationalist generalissimo chiang kai shek deployed his best army to defend shanghai but after three months of heavy fighting shanghai fell the japanese continued to push chinese forces back capturing the capital nanking in december 1937 42 43 44 in march 1938 nationalist chinese forces won their first major victory at taierzhuang but ultimately lost control of the city of xuzhou in may 45 in june 1938 chinese forces stalled the japanese advance by flooding the yellow river buying time for the chinese to prepare their defences at wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population but the city was taken by october after heavy fighting along the yangtze river 46 japanese military victories did not destroy chinese resistance instead the chinese government relocated inland to chongqing and continued the war 47 48 aiming to break chinese morale japanese aircraft began striking cities in the sichuan basin in a bombing campaign killing tens of thousands of civilians 49 50 soviet japanese border conflicts main article soviet japanese border conflicts in the mid to late 1930s japanese forces in manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the soviet union and mongolia the japanese doctrine of hokushin ron which emphasised japan s expansion northward was favoured by the imperial army during this time this policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the japanese defeat at khalkin gol in 1939 the ongoing second sino japanese war and ally nazi germany pursuing neutrality with the soviets 51 japan and the soviet union eventually signed a neutrality pact in april 1941 and japan adopted the doctrine of nanshin ron promoted by the navy which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the united states and the western allies 52 53 european occupations and agreements from left to right chamberlain daladier hitler mussolini and ciano pictured just before signing the munich agreement 29 september 1938 in europe germany and italy were becoming more aggressive in march 1938 germany annexed austria again provoking little response from other european powers 54 encouraged hitler began pressing german claims on the sudetenland an area of czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic german population soon the united kingdom and france followed the appeasement policy of british prime minister neville chamberlain and conceded this territory to germany in the munich agreement which was made against the wishes of the czechoslovak government in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands 55 soon afterwards germany and italy forced czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to hungary and poland annexed the trans olza region of czechoslovakia 56 although all of germany s stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement privately hitler was furious that british interference had prevented him from seizing all of czechoslovakia in one operation in subsequent speeches hitler attacked british and jewish war mongers and in january 1939 secretly ordered a major build up of the german navy to challenge british naval supremacy in march 1939 germany invaded the remainder of czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the german protectorate of bohemia and moravia and a pro german client state the slovak republic 57 hitler also delivered an ultimatum to lithuania on 20 march 1939 forcing the concession of the klaipėda region formerly the german memelland 58 following further demands from hitler regarding the free city of danzig and the polish corridor the united kingdom and france guaranteed their support for polish independence when italy conquered albania in april 1939 the same guarantee was extended to the kingdoms of romania and greece 59 shortly after the franco british pledge to poland germany and italy formalised their own alliance with the pact of steel 60 hitler accused the united kingdom and poland of trying to encircle germany and renounced the anglo german naval agreement and the german polish declaration of non aggression 61 german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop right and the soviet leader joseph stalin after signing the molotov ribbentrop pact 23 august 1939 the situation became a crisis in late august as germany concentrated its forces near the polish border on 23 august the soviet union signed a non aggression pact with germany after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between france the united kingdom and soviet union had stalled 62 63 this pact had a secret protocol that defined german and soviet spheres of influence lithuania for germany finland estonia latvia and bessarabia for the soviet union and poland to be partitioned between the two powers 64 the pact ensured that germany would not face a war with the soviet union when it invaded poland immediately afterwards hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 august but upon hearing that the united kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with poland and that italy would maintain neutrality he decided to delay it 65 germany offered britain an alliance if britain helped germany gain danzig the polish corridor and its former colonies but britain replied that it would honour its guarantee to poland 66 on 29 august hitler demanded that a polish plenipotentiary travel to berlin by the following day to negotiate a solution to the crisis but britain rejected the timeline as unreasonable on the night of 30 31 august the british ambassador nevile henderson met german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop ribbentrop handed him hitler s demands regarding poland then announced that the deadline for poland s acceptance had already passed 67 course of the war for a chronological guide see list of timelines of world war ii see also diplomatic history of world war ii and world war ii by country war breaks out in europe 1939 1940 main article european theatre of world war ii a german propaganda photograph reenacting the removal of the polish border crossing in sopot 68 on 1 september 1939 germany invaded poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion 69 the first german attack of the war came against the polish defences at westerplatte 70 the united kingdom responded with an ultimatum for germany to cease military operations and on 3 september after the ultimatum was ignored britain and france declared war on germany c during the phoney war period the alliance provided no direct military support to poland outside of a cautious french probe into the saarland 71 the western allies also began a naval blockade of germany which aimed to damage the country s economy and war effort 72 germany responded by ordering u boat warfare against allied merchant and warships which would later escalate into the battle of the atlantic 73 on 8 september german troops reached the suburbs of warsaw the polish counter offensive to the west halted the german advance for several days but it was outflanked and encircled by the wehrmacht remnants of the polish army broke through to besieged warsaw on 17 september 1939 two days after signing a cease fire with japan the soviet union invaded poland 74 under the supposed pretext that the polish state had ceased to exist 75 on 27 september the warsaw garrison surrendered to the germans and the last large operational unit of the polish army surrendered on 6 october despite the military defeat poland never surrendered instead it formed the polish government in exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied poland 76 a significant part of polish military personnel evacuated to romania and latvia many of them later fought against the axis in other theatres of the war 77 germany annexed western poland and occupied central poland the soviet union annexed eastern poland small shares of polish territory were transferred to lithuania and slovakia on 6 october hitler made a public peace overture to the united kingdom and france but said that the future of poland was to be determined exclusively by germany and the soviet union the proposal was rejected 78 and hitler ordered an immediate offensive against france 79 which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather 80 81 82 mannerheim line and karelian isthmus on the last day of the winter war 13 march 1940 after the outbreak of war in poland stalin threatened estonia latvia and lithuania with military invasion forcing the three baltic countries to sign pacts allowing the creation of soviet military bases in these countries in october 1939 significant soviet military contingents were moved there 83 84 85 finland refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the soviet union the soviet union invaded finland in november 1939 86 and was subsequently expelled from the league of nations for this crime of aggression 87 despite overwhelming numerical superiority soviet military success during the winter war was modest and the finno soviet war ended in march 1940 with some finnish concessions of territory 88 in june 1940 the soviet union occupied the entire territories of estonia latvia and lithuania 84 as well as the romanian regions of bessarabia northern bukovina and the hertsa region in august 1940 hitler imposed the second vienna award on romania which led to the transfer of northern transylvania to hungary 89 in september 1940 bulgaria demanded southern dobruja from romania with german and italian support leading to the treaty of craiova 90 the loss of one third of romania s 1939 territory caused a coup against king carol ii turning romania into a fascist dictatorship under marshal ion antonescu with a course set towards the axis in the hopes of a german guarantee 91 meanwhile german soviet political relations and economic co operation 92 93 gradually stalled 94 95 and both states began preparations for war 96 western europe 1940 1941 main article western front world war ii german advance into belgium and northern france 10 may 4 june 1940 sweeping past the maginot line shown in dark red in april 1940 germany invaded denmark and norway to protect shipments of iron ore from sweden which the allies were attempting to cut off 97 denmark capitulated after six hours and despite allied support norway was conquered within two months 98 british discontent over the norwegian campaign led to the resignation of prime minister neville chamberlain who was replaced by winston churchill on 10 may 1940 99 on the same day germany launched an offensive against france to circumvent the strong maginot line fortifications on the franco german border germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of belgium the netherlands and luxembourg 100 the germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the ardennes region 101 which was mistakenly perceived by the allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles 102 103 by successfully implementing new blitzkrieg tactics the wehrmacht rapidly advanced to the channel and cut off the allied forces in belgium trapping the bulk of the allied armies in a cauldron on the franco belgian border near lille the united kingdom was able to evacuate a significant number of allied troops from the continent by early june although they had to abandon almost all their equipment 104 on 10 june italy invaded france declaring war on both france and the united kingdom 105 the germans turned south against the weakened french army and paris fell to them on 14 june eight days later france signed an armistice with germany it was divided into german and italian occupation zones 106 and an unoccupied rump state under the vichy regime which though officially neutral was generally aligned with germany france kept its fleet which the united kingdom attacked on 3 july in an attempt to prevent its seizure by germany 107 london s st paul s cathedral after the german blitz on 29 december 1940 the air battle of britain 108 began in early july with luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours 109 the german campaign for air superiority started in august but its failure to defeat raf fighter command forced the indefinite postponement of the proposed german invasion of britain the german strategic bombing offensive intensified with night attacks on london and other cities in the blitz but largely ended in may 1941 110 after failing to significantly disrupt the british war effort 109 using newly captured french ports the german navy enjoyed success against an over extended royal navy using u boats against british shipping in the atlantic 111 the british home fleet scored a significant victory on 27 may 1941 by sinking the german battleship bismarck 112 in november 1939 the united states was assisting china and the western allies and had amended the neutrality act to allow cash and carry purchases by the allies 113 in 1940 following the german capture of paris the size of the united states navy was significantly increased in september the united states further agreed to a trade of american destroyers for british bases 114 still a large majority of the american public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941 115 in december 1940 president franklin d roosevelt accused hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless calling for the united states to become an arsenal of democracy and promoting lend lease programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the british war effort lend lease was later extended to the other allies including the soviet union after it was invaded by germany 116 the united states started strategic planning to prepare for a full scale offensive against germany 117 at the end of september 1940 the tripartite pact formally united japan italy and germany as the axis powers the tripartite pact stipulated that any country with the exception of the soviet union that attacked any axis power would be forced to go to war against all three 118 the axis expanded in november 1940 when hungary slovakia and romania joined 119 romania and hungary later made major contributions to the axis war against the soviet union in romania s case partially to recapture territory ceded to the soviet union 120 mediterranean 1940 1941 main article mediterranean and middle east theatre of world war ii in early june 1940 the italian regia aeronautica attacked and besieged malta a british possession from late summer to early autumn italy conquered british somaliland and made an incursion into british held egypt in october italy attacked greece but the attack was repulsed with heavy italian casualties the campaign ended within months wit...
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