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ee months of the year and the northern about seven months 16 the long winter causes about half of the annual 500 to 600 millimetres 19 7 to 23 6 in of precipitation in the north to fall as snow 16 precipitation in the south amounts to about 600 to 700 millimetres 23 6 to 27 6 in annually 16 like that of the north it occurs all through the year though not so much of it is snow 16 the atlantic ocean to the west and the eurasian continent to the east interact to modify the climate of the country 16 the warm waters of the gulf stream and the north atlantic drift current which warm norway and sweden also warm finland 16 westerly winds bring the warm air currents into the baltic areas and to the country s shores moderating winter temperatures especially in the south 16 these winds because of clouds associated with weather systems accompanying the westerlies also decrease the amount of sunshine received during the summer 16 by contrast the continental high pressure system situated over the eurasian continent counteracts the maritime influences occasionally causing severe winters and high temperatures in the summer 16 the highest ever recorded temperature is 37 2 c 99 0 f liperi 29 july 2010 17 the lowest 51 5 c 60 7 f kittilä 28 january 1999 the annual middle temperature is relatively high in the southwestern part of the country 5 0 to 7 5 c or 41 0 to 45 5 f with quite mild winters and warm summers and low in the northeastern part of lapland 0 to 4 c or 32 to 25 f temperature extremes for every month 18 climate data for finland month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 10 9 51 6 11 8 53 2 17 5 63 5 25 5 77 9 31 0 87 8 33 8 92 8 37 2 99 0 33 8 92 8 28 8 83 8 21 1 70 0 16 6 61 9 11 3 52 3 37 2 99 0 record low c f 51 5 60 7 49 0 56 2 44 3 47 7 36 0 32 8 24 6 12 3 7 0 19 4 5 0 23 0 10 8 12 6 18 7 1 7 31 8 25 2 42 0 43 6 47 0 52 6 51 5 60 7 source https ilmatieteenlaitos fi lampotilaennatyksia extreme highs january 10 9 c 51 6 f january 6 1973 mariehamn airport jomala åland february 11 8 c 53 2 f february 28 1943 ilmala helsinki uusimaa march 17 5 c 63 5 f march 27 2007 helsinki airport vantaa uusimaa april 25 5 c 77 9 f april 27 1921 jyväskylä central finland may 31 0 c 87 8 f may 30 31 1995 ingermaninkylä lapinjärvi uusimaa june 33 8 c 92 8 f june 24 1934 ähtäri south ostrobothnia july 37 2 c 99 0 f july 29 2010 joensuu airport liperi north karelia 17 august 33 8 c 92 8 f august 7 2010 heinola päijät häme and puumala south savo 19 and august 8 2010 laune lahti päijät häme september 28 8 c 83 8 f september 6 1968 rauma satakunta october 21 1 c 70 0 f october 14 2018 oulu airport oulu north ostrobothnia november 16 6 c 61 9 f november 6 2020 mariehamn airport jomala åland december 11 3 c 52 3 f december 20 2015 kokemäki satakunta and pori satakunta extreme lows january 51 5 c 60 7 f january 28 1999 pokka kittilä lapland february 49 0 c 56 2 f february 5 1912 sodankylä lapland march 44 3 c 47 7 f march 1 1971 tuntsa salla lapland april 36 0 c 32 8 f april 2 1912 kuusamo north ostrobothnia and april 9 1912 sodankylä lapland may 24 6 c 12 3 f may 1 1971 kalmankaltio enontekiö lapland june 7 0 c 19 4 f june 3 1962 laanila inari lapland july 5 0 c 23 0 f july 12 1958 kilpisjärvi enontekiö lapland august 10 8 c 12 6 f august 26 1980 naruska salla lapland september 18 7 c 1 7 f september 26 1968 vuotso sodankylä lapland october 31 8 c 25 2 f october 25 1968 sodankylä lapland november 42 0 c 43 6 f november 30 1915 sodankylä lapland december 47 0 c 52 6 f december 21 1919 pielisjärvi north karelia area and boundaries edit there are some 187 888 lakes in finland larger than 500 square metres and 75 818 islands of over 0 5 km2 area area total 338 145 km 2 130 559 sq mi land 303 815 km 2 117 304 sq mi water 34 330 km 2 13 250 sq mi area comparative slightly smaller than germany montana and newfoundland and labrador land boundaries total 2 563 km 1 593 mi border countries norway 709 km 441 mi sweden 545 km 339 mi russia 1 309 km 813 mi an aerial photograph of naantali archipelago archipelago sea coastline 31 119 km 19 336 mi maritime claims territorial sea 12 nmi 22 2 km 13 8 mi 3 nmi 5 56 km 3 45 mi in the gulf of finland there is a stretch of international waters between finnish and estonian claims bogskär has separate internal waters and 3 nmi of territorial waters contiguous zone 24 nmi 44 4 km 27 6 mi exclusive economic zone 87 171 km 2 33 657 mi 2 extends to continental shelf boundary with sweden estonia and russia continental shelf 200 m 660 ft depth or to the depth of exploitation elevation extremes lowest point baltic sea 0 m 20 highest point haltitunturi 1 328 m 4 357 ft 20 resources and land use edit lake inari lapland share of forest area in total land area top countries 2021 finland has the tenth highest percentage of forest cover in the world natural resources timber iron ore copper lead zinc chromite nickel gold silver limestone 20 land use 20 agricultural land 7 5 2018 est arable land 7 4 2018 est permanent crops 0 2018 est permanent pasture 0 1 2018 est forest 72 9 2018 est other 19 6 2018 est irrigated land 690 km 2 2012 20 total renewable water resources 110 billion m 3 2017 est 20 freshwater withdrawal domestic industrial agricultural 20 municipal 400 million m 3 2017 est industrial 1 417 billion m 3 2017 est agricultural 50 million m 3 2017 est environmental concerns edit main article environmental issues in finland natural hazards cold periods in winter pose a threat to the unprepared environment current issues air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain water pollution from industrial wastes agricultural chemicals habitat loss threatens wildlife populations 20 environment international agreements party to air pollution air pollution heavy metals air pollution multi effect protocol air pollution nitrogen oxides 20 air pollution persistent organic pollutants signed 2001 ratified 2002 21 20 air pollution sulphur 85 air pollution sulphur 94 air pollution volatile organic compounds antarctic environmental protection antarctic marine living resources antarctic treaty biodiversity climate change 20 climate change kyoto protocol signed may 1998 ratified together with 14 other eu countries may 31 2002 22 20 climate change paris agreement comprehensive nuclear test ban desertification endangered species environmental modification hazardous wastes law of the sea marine dumping london convention marine dumping london protocol marine life conservation nuclear test ban ozone layer protection ship pollution tropical timber 2006 wetlands whaling 20 other miscellaneous information edit finland portal in finland there are approximately 168 000 lakes of over 0 05 hectares 0 12 acres in size and 57 000 of over 1 hectare 2 5 acres 23 a research project by national land survey of finland is currently 2019 seeking to clarify the definition of lake and the number of lakes in finland 24 the finnish capital helsinki is the northernmost capital city on the mainland of any continent and ranks as second globally the icelandic capital reykjavik takes the first place globally at 1 313 kilometres 816 mi finland has the second longest border with russia of any european country surpassed only by ukraine 1 576 km or 979 mi the third largest lake lake inari in the lapland province of extreme northern finland has a surface area of 1 040 28 square kilometres 401 65 sq mi a total shore length of 3 308 kilometres 2 055 mi a maximum depth of 92 metres 302 ft some 3 318 islands and a total water volume of 15 9 cubic kilometres 3 8 cu mi despite its size and numerous recreational opportunities the lake is scarcely visited sheerly because of its 1 100 kilometre 680 mi distance from helsinki and its daunting distance to other similarly populated areas in the south of the country notes edit compare to southern sweden where its large number of lakes would according to alfred gabriel nathorst be indebted to the creation of basins due to the stripping of an irregular mantle of weathered rock by glacier erosion 11 if current rates of uplift continue sweden and finland will have a land boundary across the gulf of bothnia at kvarken in about 2 000 years 14 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 behrens sven lundqvist thomas finland terrängformer och berggrund nationalencyklopedin in swedish cydonia development retrieved november 30 2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 lindberg johan april 4 2016 berggrund och ytformer uppslagsverket finland in swedish retrieved november 30 2017 korja a korja t luosto u heikkinen p 1993 seismic and geoelectric evidence for collisional and extensional events in the fennoscandian shield implications for precambrian crustal evolution tectonophysics 219 1 3 129 152 doi 10 1016 0040 1951 93 90292 r murrell g r andriessen p a m 2004 unravelling a long term multi event thermal record in the cratonic interior of southern finland through apatite fission track thermochronology physics and chemistry of the earth parts a b c 29 10 695 706 doi 10 1016 j pce 2004 03 007 lindberg johan may 26 2016 åland uppslagsverket finland in swedish retrieved november 30 2017 1 2 3 4 5 rudberg sten 1960 geology and morphology in somme axel ed geography of norden pp 27 40 ebert k hall a hättestrand c alm g 2009 multi phase development of a glaciated inselberg landscape geomorphology 115 1 56 66 doi 10 1016 j geomorph 2009 09 030 1 2 3 4 5 6 finland encyclopædia britannica online chicago encyclopædia britannica inc retrieved 18 november 2017 peakvisor finland mountains peakvisor retrieved 2024 05 20 japsen peter green paul f bonow johan m erlström mikael 2016 episodic burial and exhumation of the southern baltic shield epeirogenic uplifts during and after break up of pangaea gondwana research 35 357 377 doi 10 1016 j gr 2015 06 005 lidmar bergström k olsson s roaldset e 1999 relief features and palaeoweathering remnants in formerly glaciated scandinavian basement areas in thiry médard simon coinçon régine eds palaeoweathering palaeosurfaces and related continental deposits special publication of the international association of sedimentologists vol 27 blackwell science ltd pp 275 301 isbn 0 632 05311 9 1 2 stroeven arjen p hättestrand clas kleman johan heyman jakob fabel derek fredin ola goodfellow bradley w harbor jonathan m jansen john d olsen lars caffee marc w fink david lundqvist jan rosqvist gunhild c strömberg bo jansson krister n 2016 deglaciation of fennoscandia quaternary science reviews 147 91 121 doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2015 09 016 hdl 1956 11701 fredin ola 2002 glacial inception and quaternary mountain glaciations in fennoscandia quaternary international 95 96 99 112 doi 10 1016 s1040 6182 02 00031 9 1 2 3 lindberg johan may 2 2011 landhöjning uppslagsverket finland in swedish retrieved november 30 2017 tikkanen matti oksanen juha 2002 late weichselian and holocene shore displacement history of the baltic sea in finland fennia 180 1 2 retrieved december 22 2017 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 this article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain solsten eric 1990 geography in solsten eric meditz sandra w eds finland a country study washington d c federal research division library of congress p 79 oclc 44367049 1 2 mercury hits all time record of 37 2 degrees yle uutiset helsinki yleisradio oy 29 july 2010 retrieved 29 july 2010 lämpötilan ennätykset in finnish helsinki ilmatieteen laitos 14 november 2007 retrieved 29 july 2010 elokuun lämpöennätys tarkentui 33 8 astetta yle uutiset in finnish helsinki yleisradio oy 8 august 2010 retrieved 8 august 2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 this article incorporates public domain material from finland the world factbook 2022 ed cia retrieved 20 september 2022 more nations ratify pops but bush stalls u s effort archived from the original on 2020 03 06 retrieved 2008 04 28 fourth national communication environment and natural resources geographical data tilastokeskus statistics finland retrieved 13 july 2019 maanmittauslaitos selvitti suomi on tuhansien järvien maa in finnish yle retrieved 13 july 2019 external links edit media related to geography of finland at wikimedia commons v t e finland articles history prehistory finland under swedish rule cudgel war great northern war the great wrath finnish war grand duchy golden age of finnish art independence of finland civil war finland in world war ii winter war continuation war lapland war finlandization history of independent finland military history geography cities and towns extreme points geology islands lakes municipalities national parks provinces regions åland rivers urban areas helsinki tampere turku oulu jyväskylä wildlife politics administrative divisions constitution elections foreign relations government human rights judiciary law law enforcement military nato parliament political parties president prime minister economy agriculture central bank energy government owned companies industry national income agreement nordic model ship building startups stock exchange taxation telecommunications tourism transport rail society abortion crime climate change demographics education finns healthcare languages finnish swedish religion welfare system culture anthem architecture art cinema coat of arms cuisine flag folklore libraries literature finland swedish literature the kalevala media music mythology national symbols public holidays independence day sauna sport world heritage sites outline index bibliography category portal v t e geography of europe sovereign states albania andorra armenia austria azerbaijan belarus belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia cyprus czech republic denmark estonia finland france georgia germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kazakhstan latvia liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malta moldova monaco montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania russia san marino serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey ukraine united kingdom vatican city states with limited recognition abkhazia kosovo northern cyprus south ossetia transnistria dependencies and other entities åland faroe islands gibraltar guernsey isle of man jersey svalbard other entities european union v t e climate of europe sovereign states albania andorra armenia austria azerbaijan belarus belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia cyprus czech republic denmark estonia finland france georgia germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kazakhstan latvia liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malta moldova monaco montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania russia san marino serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland turkey ukraine united kingdom vatican city states with limited recognition abkhazia kosovo northern cyprus south ossetia transnistria dependencies and other entities åland faroe islands gibraltar guernsey isle of man jersey svalbard other entities european union authority control databases national 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