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rt of the marriage treaty of charles ii of england and catherine of braganza daughter of king john iv of portugal the state was an early point of contact with the west and the first british commercial outpost in india was in gujarat 98 17th century french explorer françois pyrard de laval who is remembered for his 10 year sojourn in south asia bears witness in his account that the gujaratis were always prepared to learn workmanship from the portuguese and in turn imparted skills to the portuguese 99 i have never seen men of wit so fine and polished as are these indians they have nothing barbarous or savage about them as we are apt to suppose they are unwilling indeed to adopt the manners and customs of the portuguese yet do they regularly learn their manufactures and workmanship being all very curious and desirous of learning in fact the portuguese take and learn more from them than they from the portuguese later in the 17th century gujarat came under control of the hindu maratha empire that arose defeating the muslim mughals who had dominated the politics of india most notably from 1705 to 1716 senapati khanderao dabhade led the maratha empire forces in baroda pilaji gaekwad first ruler of gaekwad dynasty established the control over baroda and other parts of gujarat the british east india company wrested control of much of gujarat from the marathas during the second anglo maratha war in 1802 1803 many local rulers notably the maratha gaekwad maharajas of baroda vadodara made a separate peace with the british and acknowledged british sovereignty in return for retaining local self rule an epidemic in 1812 killed half the population of gujarat 100 gujarat was placed under the political authority of the bombay presidency with the exception of baroda state which had a direct relationship with the governor general of india from 1818 to 1947 most of present day gujarat including kathiawar kutch and northern and eastern gujarat were divided into hundreds of princely states but several districts in central and southern gujarat namely ahmedabad broach bharuch kaira kheda panchmahal and surat were governed directly by british officials in 1819 sahajanand swami established the first swaminarayan mandir in kalupur ahmedabad princely states of gujarat in 1924 bombay presidency in 1909 northern portion mahatma gandhi picking salt at dandi beach south gujarat ending the salt satyagraha on 5 april 1930 foundational swaminarayan mandir est 1819 post independence 1947 present gujarat including saurashtra and kutch in bombay state pre bifurcation in 1960 gujarat high court in ahmedabad gandhinagar capital railway station initially there was confusion over whether junagadh would join india or pakistan this was resolved in 1947 with a plebiscite for full union with india following the next year 101 after indian independence and the partition of india in 1947 the new indian government grouped the former princely states of gujarat into three larger units saurashtra which included the former princely states on the kathiawad peninsula kutch and bombay state which included the former british districts of bombay presidency together with most of baroda state and the other former princely states of eastern gujarat bombay state was enlarged to include kutch saurashtra kathiawar and parts of hyderabad state and madhya pradesh in central india the new state had a mostly gujarati speaking north and a marathi speaking south agitation by gujarati nationalists the mahagujarat movement and marathi nationalists the samyukta maharashtra for their own states led to the split of bombay state on linguistic lines on 1 may 1960 it became the new states of gujarat and maharashtra in 1969 riots at least 660 died and properties worth millions were destroyed 102 103 the first capital of gujarat was ahmedabad the capital of gujarat was moved to gandhinagar in 1970 nav nirman andolan was a socio political movement of 1974 it was a students and middle class people s movement against economic crisis and corruption in public life this was the first and last successful agitation after the independence of india that ousted an elected government 104 105 106 gujarat has emerged as an important industrial hub in india in western india surat was among the strongest industrial clusters in the 1970s between 1971 and 1981 diamond cutting was established as industry in surat at the same time the production of artificial silk and a substantial petrochemical industry became a fixture in surat 107 the morvi dam failure in 1979 resulted in the death of thousands of people and large economic loss 108 in the 1980s a reservation policy was introduced in the country which led to anti reservation protests in 1981 and 1985 the protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes 109 the 2001 gujarat earthquake was located about 9 km south southwest of the village of chobari in the bhachau taluka of kutch district this magnitude 7 7 shock killed around 20 000 people including at least 18 in south eastern pakistan injured another 167 000 and destroyed nearly 400 000 homes 110 in february 2002 the godhra train burning led to statewide riots resulting in the deaths of 1 044 people 790 muslims and 254 hindus and hundreds missing still unaccounted for 111 the swaminarayan akshardham in gandhinagar was attacked by two terrorists in september 2002 killing 32 people and injuring more than 80 others national security guards intervened to end the siege killing both terrorists 112 on 26 july 2008 a series of 17 bomb blasts rocked ahmedabad killing and injuring several people 113 geography main article geography of gujarat see also climate of gujarat and list of rivers of gujarat physical map of gujarat sardar sarovar dam gujarat gujarat borders the tharparkar badin and thatta districts of pakistan s sindh province to the northwest is bounded by the arabian sea to the southwest the state of rajasthan to the northeast madhya pradesh to the east and by maharashtra the union territory of dadra and nagar haveli and daman and diu to the south historically the north was known as anarta the kathiawar peninsula saurastra and the south as lata 114 gujarat was also known as pratichya and varuna 115 the arabian sea makes up the state s western coast the capital gandhinagar is a planned city gujarat has an area of 75 686 sq mi 196 030 km 2 with the longest coastline 24 of indian sea coast 1 600 km 990 mi dotted with 41 ports one major 11 intermediate and 29 minor the narmada is the largest river in gujarat followed by the tapi the sabarmati has the longest course through the state the sardar sarovar project is built on narmada one of the major rivers of peninsular india where it is one of only three major rivers that run from east to west the others being the tapi and the mahi it is about 1 312 km 815 mi long several riverfront embankments have been built on the sabarmati river the eastern borders have fringes of low mountains of india the aravalli sahyadri western ghats vindhya and saputara apart from this the gir hills barda jessore and chotila together make up a large minority of gujarat girnar is the tallest peak and saputara is the only hill station hilltop resort in the state rann of kutch main article rann of kutch rann રણ is gujarati for desert the rann of kutch is a seasonally marshy saline clay desert in the thar desert biogeographic region between the pakistani province of sindh and the rest of the state of gujarat it commences 8 km 5 0 mi from the village of kharaghoda surendranagar district the colourful rann utsav festival is held annually in the rann of kutch people enjoying raan utsav at dhordo kutch camel ride in the rann of kutch greater flamingo at the rann of kutch flora and fauna main articles fauna of gujarat and list of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of gujarat india prehistoric fauna indroda dinosaur and fossil park gandhinagar in the early 1980s palaeontologists found dinosaur egg hatcheries and fossils of at least 13 species in balasinor the most important find was that of a carnivorous abelisaurid dinosaur named rajasurus narmadensis which lived in the late cretaceous period 116 117 a notable discovery in the village of dholi dungri was that of sanajeh indicus a primitive madtsoiid snake that likely preyed on sauropod dinosaur hatchlings and embryos 117 118 extant species as of 2023 gujarat has 15 016 64 km 2 of forest cover which is about 7 65 of its geographical area the total recorded forest area in the state is 21 870 35 km 2 11 14 119 among the districts the dangs has the largest area under forest cover gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries it is the only home of asiatic lions and outside africa is the only present natural habitat of lions 120 gir forest national park in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions habitat indian leopards are also found in the state they are spread across the large plains of saurashtra and the mountains of south gujarat other national parks include vansda national park blackbuck national park velavadar and narara marine national park gulf of kutchh jamnagar wildlife sanctuaries include wild ass wildlife sanctuary nal sarovar bird sanctuary porbandar bird sanctuary kutch desert wildlife sanctuary kutch bustard sanctuary narayan sarovar sanctuary jessore sloth bear sanctuary anjal balaram ambaji barda jambughoda khavda paniya purna rampura ratan mahal and surpaneshwar in february 2019 a bengal tiger claimed to be from ratapani in madhya pradesh was spotted in the area of lunavada in mahisagar district in the eastern part of the state 121 122 before being found dead later that month likely from starvation 123 a family of asiatic lions which live in and around gir national park greater flamingos at the nal sarovar bird sanctuary striped hyena at the gir national park demographics population historical population year pop 1901 9 094 748 1911 9 803 587 7 8 1921 10 174 989 3 8 1931 11 489 828 12 9 1941 13 701 551 19 2 1951 16 263 000 18 7 1961 20 633 000 26 9 1971 26 697 000 29 4 1981 34 086 000 27 7 1991 41 310 000 21 2 2001 50 671 000 22 7 2011 60 383 628 19 2 source census of india 124 the population of gujarat was 60 439 692 31 491 260 males and 28 948 432 females according to the 2011 census data 125 the population density is 308 persons per square kilometre 800 persons mi 2 lower than other indian states as per the census of 2011 the state has a sex ratio of 918 females for every 1000 males one of the lowest ranked 24 among the 29 states in india social groups main article gujarati people while gujarati speakers constitute a majority of gujarat s population the metropolitan areas of ahmedabad vadodara and surat are cosmopolitan with numerous other ethnic and language groups marwaris compose large minorities of economic migrants smaller communities of people from the other states of india have also migrated to gujarat for employment luso indians anglo indians jews and parsis also live in the areas 126 sindhi presence is traditionally important here following the partition of india in 1947 127 the koli forms the largest caste cluster comprising 24 of the total population of the state 128 129 language languages spoken by district gujarati 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 bhil languages 50 60 gujarati written in gujarati script languages of gujarat 2011 gujarati 86 0 hindi 7 06 sindhi 1 96 marathi 1 52 bhili 1 37 urdu 0 79 odia 0 30 khandeshi 0 25 bengali 0 13 telugu 0 12 others 0 52 gujarati is the official language of the state of gujarat an indo aryan language it is spoken natively by 86 of the state s population or 52 million people as of 2011 hindi is the second most frequently spoken language in the state being spoken by more than 6 of the population marathi also is spoken in urban areas 130 1 9 speak sindhi 1 5 marathi 1 4 bhili 0 79 urdu 0 30 odia in kutch region people speak the kutchi and sindhi languages and memoni is spoken in kathiawar by sindhi memons almost 88 of the gujarati muslims speak gujarati as their mother tongue and the remaining 12 speak urdu in rural areas among the tribals various bhil dialects are spoken by approximately 1 37 of the population in the northeast part of the state bhili is spoken in the central part of the state bhili bhilali and vasava are spoken while in the southeast part of the state dangi varli chodri and dhodia which are related to marathi are spoken three language formula under the three language formula 131 the languages taught in schools are first language gujarati hindi english second language gujarati english third language hindi religion religion in gujarat 2011 132 hinduism 88 6 islam 9 67 jainism 0 96 christianity 0 52 sikhism 0 10 buddhism 0 05 others 0 03 not stated 0 10 according to 2011 census the religious makeup in gujarat was 88 57 hindu 9 67 muslim 0 96 jain 0 52 christian 0 10 sikh 0 05 buddhist and 0 03 others around 0 1 did not state any religion 132 hinduism is the majority religion and is over 93 in rural areas muslims are the biggest minority in the state accounting for 9 7 of the population gujarat has the third largest population of jains in india following maharashtra and rajasthan almost all of whom live in urban areas like vadodara ahmedabad and surat 133 fiscal health index gujarat ranked fifth in the fiscal health index fhi 2025 with a score of 50 5 134 governance and administration main articles politics of gujarat government of gujarat gujarat legislative assembly districts of gujarat cities of gujarat and talukas of gujarat see also chief ministers of gujarat and gujarat council of ministers legislative assembly and seat of gujarat government located in gandhinagar the capital of gujarat state gujarat is governed by a legislative assembly of 182 members members of the legislative assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 for scheduled tribes the term of office for a member of the legislative assembly is five years the legislative assembly elects a speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature a governor is appointed by the president of india and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year s first session of the legislative assembly the leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature chief minister or his or her designee acts as the leader of the legislative assembly the governor is the constitutional head of the state while the gujarat council of ministers headed by the chief minister exercises executive authority and functions as the de facto government 135 after the independence of india in 1947 the indian national congress inc ruled the bombay state which included present day gujarat and maharashtra congress continued to govern gujarat after the state s creation in 1960 during and after india s state of emergency of 1975 1977 public...
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